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European home, is 50 cycles per second,
or 50 Hertz (1 Hertz is equal to one
cycle per second).
The difference between the peak (or
crest) and the trough of a wave is the
amplitude (or, loosely, volume).
One complete transition of a wave,
no matter where it starts, is called a
cycle. The number of cycles per second is
known as the frequency. When two
waves transmitted at the same time
have their peaks and troughs
coinciding, they are said to be in
phase. When they don’t coincide, they
are out of phase by whatever angle is
created when the second wave start
its cycle:
120 JAR Private Pilot Studies
This is the basis of finding direction
with the VOR, discussed later.
Because the AC waveform is not
square, its peak voltage must be
1.414 times that of DC to have the
same energy. The equivalent AC
voltage to match a DC one is called
the root mean square.
In the diagram above, the shaded
area inside the curve over the square
DC wave has the same energy as the
shaded parts of the DC wave outside
the curve. In your house, the peak
would actually be 340 volts, as
opposed to the "normal" 240.
The Alternator
AC is created in the first place with
an alternator (or an inverter, which
converts DC). On modern aircraft,
however, the term AC generator is
often used instead.
The other relevance of AC is that it
is the basis of radio waves ……..
Radio
We use radio to convey information.
For example, sound waves by
themselves don’t travel very far, so
what you do is create a carrier wave
at radio frequency and piggy-back a
sound wave on to it, decoding the
two at the receiving end–a radio is a
device for splitting up the two waves
and amplifying the result, since the
signal when it hits the aerial is quite
weak. Inside the box, therefore, are
several separate devices that work
together, needing different amounts
of electricity, including a resonant
circuit to ensure that you pick up only
one signal out of the many available.
The information to be sent modulates
(i.e. varies) the carrier wave through
the amplitude or the frequency. The
former is typically used in aviation,
and the latter by FM music stations
(i.e. frequency modulation), which is less
subject to interference. Many
customers, such as forestry, also use
it for communications. Anyhow, a
modulator's job is to combine signals
from the radio and audio amplifiers.
The simplest method of transmitting
information is to turn a signal on
and off in a recognisable code, as
used by older NDBs which break the
signal in a pattern matching the
Morse Code ID of the station, called
wireless telegraphy, or continuous wave
(CW). This is known as an A1
transmission, whereas a carrier wave
by itself would be known as A0.
Note: Although Marconi
transmitted the first CW signal, a
Canadian, Reginald Fessenden,
transmitted the first voice signal from
Massachusetts to ships along the
Eastern Seaboard. Mind you, Nikola
Tesla was way ahead of them both.
Otherwise, you can adjust the
amplitude (or volume, if you like), the
frequency, or the phase, if the frequency
Electricity & Radio 121
of both waves is the same. Simple
AM is known as A2, and complex
AM (i.e. voice) is called A3. Jumping
a bit, the VOR, mentioned below, is
A9W, because its carrier wave varies
with amplitude and the frequency at
the same time.
Wavebands
The range of electromagnetic waves
is quite large, but radio waves only
occupy a small part of it, actually
between about 3 KHz to 3,000
GHz. This area is split up by
International agreement between the
people who wish to use it, and
consists of frequency ranges that
share similar characteristics:
· 3-30 KHz. VLF – Very Low
Frequencies, with very long waves.
Used by Omega.
· 30-300 KHz. LF – Low
Frequencies, with long waves.
Used by Decca, NDBs, Loran.
· 300-3,000 KHz. MF – Medium
Frequencies, with medium waves,
used by most AM stations, and
NDBs, with static problems.
· 3-30 MHz. HF – High
Frequencies, with short waves,
used for long-range SSB
communications between
aircraft and ground stations,
with static problems.
· 30-300 MHz. VHF – Very
High Frequencies, used with
amplitude modulation for voice
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