曝光台 注意防骗
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slightly above and ahead of you
(normally on the left), rocks its
wings, then turns slowly to the left in
a level turn, you have officially been
intercepted. Your response should
be to rock your own wings and
follow (the intercepting aircraft will
normally be faster than you, so
expect it to fly a racetrack pattern
and rock its wings each time it
passes you). After interception, you
should try to inform ATC and try to
make contact with the intercepting
aircraft on 121.5 or 243 MHz. You
may also squawk 7700 with Mode C,
unless otherwise instructed.
If the aircraft performs an abrupt
break away manoeuvre, such as a
climbing turn of 90° or more
without interfering with your line of
flight, you have been released.
If it lowers its landing gear and
descends to a runway (or a helipad),
you are expected to land there. You
can make an approach to check the
area, then proceed to land. Lowering
your gear or showing a steady
landing light means you
acknowledge the instruction.
Flashing the landing light means the
area is unsuitable, as does overflight
with the gear up somewhere
between 1000-2000 feet.
At night, the substitute for rocking
wings is the flashing of navigation
lights at irregular intervals.
International Air Law
The idea behind this is to reduce a
phenomenon known as conflict of laws,
and the resulting confusion that
could arise where, say, a claim for
damages is brought in a French
court in respect of injury to a
Canadian whilst travelling on a ticket
bought in Holland for a journey
from Germany on an Italian plane.
International Air Law has mainly
evolved through various
International Conventions or
Treaties, too numerous to mention
here, which form the basis of Public
212 JAR Private Pilot Studies
International Law which in turn can
be incorporated into the law of
individual states in relation to the
Chicago Convention of 1944.
A Convention is an agreement that
many nations are at liberty to enter
into and the word Treaty indicates
agreements between two (or more)
States that bind only themselves.
The Tokyo Convention 1963, for
instance, relates to offences
committed on board, but not by,
aircraft. Thus, Conventions can
cover many subjects, including
standards for nav equipment, but
they can also establish governing
bodies, such as the International Civil
Aviation Organisation (ICAO).
ICAO is a worldwide body
convened by governments while the
International Air Transport Association
(IATA) is an equivalent body
established by the airlines. Although
IATA is a private organisation, it
nevertheless has strong links with
ICAO and governments, and is
often used by many airlines as an
agent for inter-airline cooperation.
IATA has many committees, but the
most significant is Traffic, which
negotiates many arrangements
between states and airlines. As well
as certain freedoms granted by
Conventions over the years (such as
flying over certain territories, taking
tech stops and collecting or
discharging passengers), other rights
of commercial entry are established
by bilateral agreements, which
provide for route(s) to be flown,
estimate traffic capacity, frequencies
of service and establish other precise
rules under which operator and crew
licensing are accepted by the
respective parties to the agreement.
Under the ICAO (Chicago)
Convention, the territory of a State
consists of land areas and adjacent
territorial waters under its sovereignty,
suzerainty, protection or mandate. Every
State has complete and exclusive
sovereignty over the airspace above
its territory. Aircraft must comply
with the rules of the airspace they
occupy, which should be kept as
uniform as possible across all states.
The responsibility for enforcement
lies with the state concerned. Over
the high seas, the Convention rules.
The appropriate authorities have the
right, without unreasonable delay, to
search aircraft belonging to other
States when landing or departing,
and to inspect documentation. The
State of Registry is the State in whose
Register an aircraft is entered.
Subject to Customs regulations,
aircraft on flights to, from or across
the territory of another State are
admitted temporarily free of duty.
Fuel, oil, stores and spares, etc. on
board and destined to be leaving
again are exempt from duties,
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