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FL 30, including when the QNH is
more than standard. However, if the
QNH is less than standard, the
transition level will be higher. The
difference between the transition
altitude and the transition level is the
transition layer.
ICAO Airspace Classifications
Controlled airspace is classified into
Class A, B, C, D, E, F Special Use
Restricted or F Special Use Advisory.
Class A
Separation is provided for IFR
aircraft only (VFR is not permitted),
from 18,000 feet to FL 600.
Class B
Separation is provided between all
aircraft, IFR or VFR, from 12,500
feet (or MEA, whichever is higher)
to 17,999 feet. It may contain a
control zone and TCA. Clearance is
required from VFR aircraft before
entering, and position reporting is
required, so you need a minimum
level of radio/nav equipment. Unless
you can get Special VFR, you must
leave when conditions demand IFR.
Class C
Separation is between IFR aircraft,
with VFR separated from IFR. VFR
aircraft require clearance to enter, so
you need a 2-way radio. You may get
traffic information and conflict
resolution. If ATC is not available, it
reverts to Class E.
Class D
IFR and VFR, but separation is only
between IFR aircraft (traffic
information, however, is provided to
VFR flights).
Class E
Anything that is still controlled
airspace, but not meeting the
requirements above, like low level
airways, control area extensions,
transition areas or control zones
without a controlling tower.
Separation is as for Class D.
Class F
Where some limitations are imposed.
Separation is between IFR aircraft as
far as practicable (they receive ATC
advisory service) and all flights
receive flight information on request.
Class G
Anything not designated as A, B, C,
D, E or F, where ATC has no
authority, so there's no separation.
Use of Transponder
Unless directed by ATC, when
entering UK airspace from a foreign
FIR where you don't need a
transponder, you must squawk 2000
Mode Alpha, simultaneously with
Mode Charlie.
In fact, there are other standard
numbers to squawk, when not
otherwise instructed, and these are:
· 0000 – malfunction
· 0030 – lost
· 0033 – parachute dropping
· 2000 – from non-SSR area
· 7000 – conspicuity code
· 7004 - aerobatics
· 7007 – open skies
206 JAR Private Pilot Studies
In emergency, squawk:
· 7500 - Hijack
· 7600 – Communications failure
· 7700 - Emergency
Unless authorised, without an SSR
transponder, you may not operate in
controlled airspace in the UK at or
above FL 100.
Radiocommunications
Phonetic Alphabet
To make transmissions clearer if the
radios are bad, letters are
pronounced in certain ways, as
follows:
Letter Word Morse
A Alfa . _
B Bravo _ . . .
C Charlie _ . _ .
D Delta _ . .
E Echo .
F Foxtrot . . _ .
G Golf _ _ .
H Hotel . . . .
I India . .
J Juliet . _ _ _
K Kilo _ . _
L Lima . _ . .
M Mike _ _
N November _ .
O Oscar _ _ _
P Papa . _ _ .
Q Quebec _ _ . _
R Romeo . _ .
S Sierra . . .
T Tango _
U Uniform . . _
V Victor . . . _
W Whiskey . _ _
X Xray _ . . _
Y Yankee _ . _ _
Z Zulu _ _ . .
Morse Code
Although the codes (see above) are
printed on maps, etc., it's still a good
idea to learn them, even if only to
keep your job in an airline (many
make it a requirement to have at
least 6 words a minute). It also stops
you peering at your map in the murk
and moving your head around too
much. Amateur radio clubs are a
good source of inexpensive training
materials. Starting off at a high speed
is best, with the simplest letters. E,
for example, is one dot (dit). Just
listen to a stream of Morse, picking
out that letter only, then add
another, such as T, which is a dash
(dah), then I (2 dots), M (2 dashes)
and so on. In a few days you could
be up to 20 words a minute.
Continuous Listening Watch
A listening watch must be kept on
appropriate frequencies.
Accidents
A reportable one occurs when:
· anyone is killed or injured from
coming into contact with the
aircraft (or any bits falling off),
including jet blast or rotor
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