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light or signal likely to be
hazardous by causing glare or
confusion with, or preventing
clear sight of, another one.
· allow a bird or animal in your
custody to be unrestrained
inside an aerodrome or airport,
except to control others.
· discharge a firearm within or
into an aerodrome or airport
without permission from the
operator.
· display a marker, marking, light
or signal that may cause a
person to believe a place is an
aerodrome when it is not.
The above are not exam questions.
Air Law 189
Operations nearby
There must be no likelihood of
collision with other aircraft or
vehicles, and the aerodrome must be
suitable for the intended operation.
This means observing other traffic
and conforming to or avoiding the
traffic pattern.
Standard Traffic Circuit
Make all turns to the left, arriving
overhead the field at 2000' in a
descending turn, or at 45° to the
downwind leg, at the height
published in the AIP (all circuit
details will be in there, too). Only
join directly downwind if there is no
conflict.
For right hand circuits, apply the
opposite.
All the above, of course, can be
varied by ATC at any time.
Helicopters
Hover taxying is movement in ground
effect at speeds up to about 20 kts,
but more likely the normal walking
pace. The height may vary because
of external loads, but the pace will
be relatively slow.
Air Taxi is almost like flight, but
below 100 feet, often used when
ATC would like you to expedite your
movement to help with traffic flow.
If you've got wheels, it is usual to
taxi on the ground, but ATC aren't
always aware that you have them.
Runways & Taxiways
Details are declared by the Airport
Authority and published in the AIP,
although they can be found in many
other publications. This declared
distance is either the Take-off Run
Available (TORA) or Landing Distance
Available (LDA). Any areas at the
ends unsuitable to run on, but still
clear of obstacles, are called
Clearways, which, with the TORA,
form the Take-off Distance Available
(TODA), which should not be more
than 1 ½ x TORA.
Part of the Clearway that can
support an aircraft while stopping,
although not under take-off
conditions, is declared as Stopway
which may be added to the TORA
to form the Emergency Distance
Available (EDA), and marked with
yellow chevrons. This is the ground
run distance available for an aircraft
to abort a take-off and come to rest
safely—the essential point to note is
that Stopway is ground-based. EDA
is sometimes also referred to as the
Emergency Distance or Accelerate-Stop
Distance. The greater the EDA, the
higher the speed you can accelerate
to before the point at which you
must decide to stop or go when an
engine fails.
190 JAR Private Pilot Studies
The end of the runway is called the
threshold. Any obstacles interfering
with the glideslope may need it to be
displaced a certain distance, but the
area behind it can still be used for
taxying and takeoff runs, even if it
cannot be for landing.
Displacement is marked by large
yellow arrows pointing towards the
new threshold. The threshold will be
relocated if part of the runway is
closed, and crosses will be used
instead of arrows.
Runways are named after the
direction they are facing in, without
the last number.
For example, one facing West, or
270°, would be called Runway 27. In
fact, the naming is to the nearest
tenth degree, so one facing 067° is
actually Runway 07. A T after the
number (as in 07T) would be a True
direction, as used in the NDA.
Parallel runways will also be known
as Left or Right.
Where no runways are available, the
takeoff and landing areas will be
marked out with pyramidal or conical
markers, painted orange and white
for airports, or just orange for
aerodromes.
Clearances to enter, land on, take off
from, cross and back track on
runways must be read back.
A Long final is a turn onto final
approach more than 4 nm from
touchdown.
Contamination
Whenever there is water on the
runway, surface conditions are
described (with its depth) as:
· Damp – there is a change of
colour due to moisture.
· Water patches – significant
patches of standing water.
· Wet – the surface is soaked, but
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