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course, we shouldn't take off at all,
but we obviously can't do that, so we
have to have some method of
evaluating risk against some sort of
yardstick in order to get the job
done. Risk management is the key, best
used in an ample-time decisionmaking
situation.
For example, in a helicopter, it can
sometimes be more dangerous to
avoid the height/velocity curve (say
when coming out of a confined area)
than to be inside it for a few
seconds.
Risk management is a decisionmaking
tool that can be applied to
either eliminate risk, or reduce it to
an acceptable level. Things that stop
you eliminating risk entirely would
either be impracticality, or money.
With it, you have to first identify a
hazard, analyse any associated risks,
make a decision and implement it
(with a risk strategy) and monitor the
results, with a view to changing
things if need be. However, this
depends on the perception of a risk,
and the difference between yours,
the management's and the
customer's can be quite startling.
Outside influences include weather,
traffic and obstacles. Internal ones
can be maintenance, fatigue, or the
culture of the company.
Risk is equal to probability
multiplied by the consequences of
what you propose to do, and your
exposure. You essentially have four
260 JAR Private Pilot Studies
choices – you can either not do the
job, mitigate the effects of the risk,
transfer it (buy insurance) or eat it.
You could always try and prehandle
situations – that is, make as many
decisions as possible ahead of time,
as part of your flight planning –
most important, though is to leave
yourself a way out. For example, always
be aware, when dropping water, that
you may have to get out of a hot
hole with the load on – don't assume
that the bucket will work and you
will be light enough to escape! Is the
weather closing in behind you? Have
you gone into a confined area to far
forward and boxed yourself in?
Personal Checklist
Use this as part of your personal
checklist before getting airborne.
Illness – degrades your abilities
Attitude – be professional
Medication – no self-prescription
Stress – know yourself honestly
Alcohol – bottle to throttle times
Fatigue – be rested and unhurried
Eating – ensure regular meal
Glossary
These are mainly from the ANO and
ICAO documentation, but stuff
from other countries is included
where it makes the point clearer.
AD
Aeronautical Directive. An instruction
issued by a competent authority that
requires an action to ensure that an
aeronautical product conforms to its
type design and is safe for flight. In
other words, an AD is a notice that
requires a mandatory maintenance
action to be carried out before the
aircraft flies again. It should more
properly be called an Airworthiness
Directive. If an AD is coming up, you
must do all your planned flying
within the due time, as you may not
go over it. However, if you have
reasonably planned a flight, but are
going to go over the allotted time,
you can complete the flight once
started, with no stops. If you have to
stop for fuel, you must remain there
until the AD is satisfied.
Aerial work
A commercial air service, but not for
air transport or flight training. See
article 129.
Aerial work aircraft
An aircraft (not public transport)
flying for aerial work.
Aerial work undertaking
An undertaking whose business
includes doing aerial work.
Aerobatic manoeuvres
Include loops, spins, rolls, bunts,
stall turns, inverted flying, etc.,
usually with a change of bank angle
greater than 60°, an abnormal
attitude or acceleration not incidental
to normal flying.
Aerial sightseeing flight
One carried out as part of a
sightseeing operation or any other
commercial flight conducted for
sightseeing from the air.
262 JAR Private Pilot Studies
Aerodrome
Any area of land or water designed,
equipped, set apart or commonly
used for the landing and departure
of aircraft (including vertically),
assuming it has not been abandoned.
Aerodrome control service
An air traffic control service for
aircraft on the manoeuvring area or
apron of an aerodrome where the
service is being provided, or which is
flying in, or near, the aerodrome
traffic zone by visual reference to
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