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instruction, or the safety or
navigation of the aircraft, on
frequencies exceeding 60 MHz
assigned by the CAA, which are
automatically maintained, and if the
transmitter has external switches.
For other licences, where an aircraft
is being towed, no-one else must be
on board unless they are authorised
or are a trainee. Ex-military pilots
(within the last 6 months) or flight
engineers/navigators upgrading to
pilot or adding types may also fly
without licences under supervision.
Military pilots may fly without
licences in the course of their duties.
You can also be a PIC for renewal of
a pilot's licence or inclusion or
variation of ratings if you are at least
16 with a medical certificate (and
comply with its conditions), under
the supervision of an instructor and
nobody else is carried. It must also
be a non-public transport or aerial
work flight, although your instructor
can get paid. On single-pilot aircraft,
duals must be fitted for instructors.
You can act as PIC of a helicopter or
gyroplane at night if you do not have
an IR and have not carried out at
least 5 takeoffs and landings at night
in the last 13 months, under an
instructor, with nobody else on
board, and not engaged on public
transport or aerial work, except
paying the instructor. The same
applies to balloons if you have not
done 5 flights of over 5 minutes.
You don’t need a licence to fly a
glider unless you are operating the
radio or you are engaged on public
180 JAR Private Pilot Studies
transport or aerial work, other than
aerial work consisting of instructing
or testing in a club aircraft and the
people concerned are members.
You need permission from a
Contracting State if you fly in or
over it in a UK registered aircraft
and your (UK) licence does not meet
the full specification. You also need
permission from the CAA if your
foreign licence is not up to scratch
and you fly in or over the UK.
Refer also to Article 26 (3) about
medical fitness and pregnancy.
Licences are granted under Part A of
Schedule 8, assuming you are over
the minimum age, are fit to hold
them and are qualified, having
provided suitable evidence. They are
not valid without the signature of the
holder in ink.
A JAR licence is considered valid for
ANO purposes. A non-JAR foreign
licence does not allow you to be paid
for public transport or aerial work,
fly IFR, or give instruction.
A JAR licence may be transferred to
another state if you are employed
there or have established normal
residence, which means you live
there for at least 185 days in the year,
with enough personal or
occupational ties to confirm it.
JAR licences are valid for up to 5
years.
You can't hold a licence just by itself
– there must be some sort of type
rating on it. Licences must bear a
valid certificate of revalidation for
the rating under Section 2 of Part C
of Schedule 8.
If you fail a test required for articles
23, 24, or 25, you cannot use the
privileges of the relevant rating, even
if there is time left on the original.
Private Pilot Licence
Unless stated otherwise, references
to training and experience concern
appropriate classes of aircraft.
You must be over 17 to hold one,
although you can act as PIC from 16
years of age, under an instructor, in
UK airspace. Dual instruction before
14 does not count
There is no maximum validity for
UK PPLs - JAR ones last for 5 years.
Privileges
JAR
You can fly as PIC or P2 of an
aeroplane, helicopter or
gyroplane of any type or class
(just type for helicopters) within
a rating in the licence, but not
for public transport or aerial
work, except instructing, if you
are an instructor, or testing,
which must be in a machine
owned, or operated under a
flying club where you and the
victim (sorry, student) are
members. Towing gliders and
dropping parachutists may also
be done. No pay may be
received, except by instructors
in microlights or self-launching
motor gliders, under the
conditions above.
Unless you have an IR or IMC
rating, you may not be PIC
outside controlled airspace
when the vis is below 3 km,
under Special VFR in a control
zone below 10 km, except on an
approved route, or out of sight
of the surface. You may not be
PIC or P2 IFR in Class D or E
Air Law 181
airspace, and you need an IR for
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