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same units, by which I mean don't
mix magnetic and true headings and
wind directions. Either apply
magnetic to everything before you
start, or work it all out in true and
apply the variation at the end.
Keep ATC informed of delays,
otherwise SAR might be called out
by mistake!
Fuel
Very few aircraft will actually take a
full load of passengers and fuel, so
you need to know how long it will
take between two points, find out
how much fuel it will take, then fit
the passengers in. Do not put the
passengers in first and fit the fuel in
afterwards! Not unless you plan to
stop en route, at least. Of all the
things there is absolutely no excuse
for in Aviation, running out of fuel
is one of them! If you have to take
less fuel, then you will have to stop
and pick up some more on the way,
or leave someone behind. If you take
the same fuel anyway, you will be
overweight, with not enough power
154 JAR Private Pilot Studies
in the engines to get you out of
trouble, and invalid insurance.
Although not written down in the
ANO, commercial pilots use these
figures for fuel planning.
Helicopters
You should be able to fly for 20
minutes at normal cruising speed
after reaching your destination. At
night, it’s 30 minutes.
Fixed Wing
The plan should be to arrive over
the destination in a position to make
an approach, overshoot and fly to an
alternate, and still have enough to
hold for 45 minutes at the alternate.
Even then, you must still be able to
carry out an approach and landing,
and you need 5% for contingencies.
Don't forget any unuseable fuel your
machine may require.
Maps
When planning a flight, the first
thing to do is to draw a line on the
map to represent the track you wish
to fly. Find the mid-point and mark
it with a cross. Then mark the line at
10 nm intervals (or split the two
halves into quarters), and draw
dotted lines branching out at 10°
from the origin. These may be left
out once you know what you're
doing, but when learning they are
very useful when calculating drift
once you find the wind is different
from that forecast and you need to
recalculate on the run. The less you
have to do in the air, the better, as
your first priority is to fly the
aircraft, and you don’t want to start
getting rulers out and spreading your
map around in front of passengers.
The PLOG
The letters are short for Progress Log,
or a sheet of paper which tabulates
the details of a particular flight, used
for flight planning and checking
progress on the actual trip. In
commercial companies, it must be
kept as a record of the flight.
Once you've drawn your line on the
map representing the desired track,
you put its details in the appropriate
boxes on the plog, work out the
wind, obtain your intended heading
and groundspeed, apply the
magnetic variation, calculate the fuel
required, fill 'er up and you’re ready
to go.
Below is a sample form, partly filled
in with details of a proposed trip
from Glasgow (GOW) to Inverness
(INS). Notice that the Flight Level
(or altitude, in this case) is higher than
the Safety Altitude, which is the
Flight Planning 155
higher of the highest ground within 5
nm of track, plus 1299 feet, or the
highest structure, plus 1000 feet (in
this case, I've taken the biggest blue
figure in the lat/long boxes en route,
off the half-mil map).
Otherwise, there's not much else you
can usefully put in at this stage, so
get your whizzwheel and see if you
can fill in the rest, given that the
wind velocity is 180/15. If you want
to cheat, the picture above will show
you what it should look like.
The figures for an alternate
aerodrome have been left out for
clarity, but you should always choose
one and work out the figures for it in
the same way, before you go - by
definition, an alternate is for when
you really need one, and there's never
enough time to do things on the run.
When planning a trip with a lot of
legs, my own preference, if there's
room, is to leave a line between each
one, in case you do have to change
things, or you note any differences,
such as wind velocity, and work out
a new groundspeed.
Different flying clubs will have their
own version of the above form, but
this is most like what you will see in
the exam. The only thing that's
missing is a box for your fuel totals,
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