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sides at least 25 metres. One side
must be approximately at right
angles to the horizontal projection of
the cable and delimited by two red
lights - the third must be green.
A captive balloon by day over 60
metres agl must have tubular
streamers on its mooring cable every
200 metres, measured from the
basket or lowest part. They must be
at least 40 centimetres in diameter
and 2 metres long, marked with
alternate bands of red and white 50
centimetres wide. A kite in similar
circumstances can have the
streamers above, or every 100 metres
measured from the lowest part, at
least 80 centimetres long and 30
centimetres wide, marked with
alternate bands of red and white 10
centimetres wide.
Airships – Rule 15
At night, or while picking up
moorings (even if under command,
that is, able to execute manoeuvres),
186 JAR Private Pilot Studies
a steady white light of at least five
candela showing 110° either side of
dead ahead, a steady green light of at
least five candela showing to
starboard through 110° from dead
ahead horizontally, a steady red on
the other side, and a steady white of
at least five candela showing through
70° either side of dead astern
horizontally, plus an anti-collision
light. If not under command, has
stopped engines or is being towed,
the white lights mentioned above,
two red ones, each at least 5 candela
and showing in all directions below
the control car, with one at least 4
metres above the other and at least 8
metres below the car, and, if making
way (but not otherwise), the green
and red lights referred to above.
While moored to a mast in the UK
by night, white light of at least five
candela showing in all directions at
or near the rear. Otherwise, a white
light of at least 5 candela showing
through 110° either side of dead
ahead horizontally, and a white one
of at least 5 candela through 70°
either side of dead astern.
By day, not under command, with
engines stopped, or being towed,
two black balls below the control
car, one at least 4 metres above the
other and at least 8 below the car.
Right of Way – Rule 17
To make life easier, there are rules
about how aircraft should be flown
when mixing with other traffic. Even
when you have right of way, you
must take any necessary action to
avoid collision (in other words, even
with clearance, commanders are
responsible for avoiding collisions).
Another aircraft with an emergency
gains priority over you. If you must
give way, you must not pass over or
under, or cross ahead of, the other
aircraft unless you are far enough
away not to create a risk of collision.
Aircraft with the right of way must
maintain course and speed.
Aircraft may not be flown so close
to others that a danger of collision is
created, and may not fly in
formation unless the commanders
aircraft have agreed amongst
themselves.
A glider and whatever is towing it
are regarded as one aircraft under
the PIC of the towing machine.
Convergence
If steady relative bearing is kept
between two aircraft at the same
altitude, they will eventually collide.
When two aircraft are converging in
this way, the one from the right has
the right-of-way, except that:
· power-driven, heavier-than-air
aircraft (that is, flying machines)
give way to airships, gliders and
balloons
· airships give way to gliders and
balloons
· gliders give way to balloons
· power-driven aircraft give way
to aircraft that are towing or
carrying a slung load.
When two balloons are converging
at different altitudes, the higher one
must give way.
Aircraft with the right of way should
maintain course and speed.
Air Law 187
Approaching head-on
If there is a danger of collision, each
must alter course to the right.
Overtaking
You are overtaking when you are
approaching another aircraft from
behind at less than 70° from the
longitudinal axis, which means that,
at night, you should not be able to
see its navigation lights.
Aircraft being overtaken have right
of way, and the overtaking aircraft,
whether climbing, descending or in
horizontal flight, must keep out of
the way by altering course to the
right (to the left on the ground, so
you can be seen from the pilot's seat)
until well past and clear, even if their
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