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minutes) at a single site (inside 1
square km) within an aerodrome
traffic zone during its notified
operating hours. For between 2,000-
10,000, or over that, you need
written permission.
Art 103 - Licensing of aerodromes
A licence may be granted on the
basis that the applicant is competent,
the aerodrome is safe and the
aerodrome manual is adequate. A
licence for public use means it is
available to all persons on equal
Air Law 225
terms and conditions, in which case
the times during which it is open for
public transport or flying instruction
must be notified. The licence does
not become invalid if article 101(2) is
contravened.
An aerodrome manual must be
submitted with every application,
and relevant parts must be made
available to all operating staff.
Amendments must be furnished to
the CAA before or immediately after
they come into effect.
Art 112 - Aviation fuel at aerodromes
Installations must not render fuel
unfit for use in aircraft. They must
be appropriately marked and
sampled, with written records kept
for at least 12 months. This does not
apply to fuel removed from one
aircraft and meant for use in another
from the same operator.
Art 122 - Penalties
The operator, commander and
charterer (for article 113) may be
liable for contraventions of the
ANO, including public transport,
unless it can be proved that they
were done without their consent or
connivance, and that all due
diligence was performed to prevent
them, or they could not have been
reasonably avoided.
Usually fines on summary conviction
will not exceed Level 3 on the
standard scale. However, Part A of
Schedule 12 rates Level 4, and Part B
gets you the maximum on summary
conviction and a fine or two years’
porridge (or both) on conviction.
Art 129 – Interpretation
See Glossary.
Some Questions
1. An aircraft overtaking another in
flight must pass to which side?
2. An aircraft's vertical position with
the altimeter set to 1013.2 mb
(29.92") is reported as what?
3. The Transition Altitude is that at
or below which vertical position is
controlled by reference to what?
4. What is the minimum radio
equipment for Class D airspace?
5. Who is responsible for the safe
conduct of a VFR flight?
6. What is an FIR?
7. What is a Control Zone?
8. Is an airway a Control Zone or a
Control Area?
9. How is separation provided?
10. What is the minimum time for
filing a flight plan?
11. What is a visual contact
approach?
12. On what occasions would you
consider diversion?
13. What qualification is required for
IFR flight in controlled airspace?
14. In IMC at FL 90, what should
your magnetic track be?
Some Answers
1. The Right.
2. A Flight Level.
3. Altitude.
4. VHF Comms.
5. The pilot.
226 JAR Private Pilot Studies
6. Flight Information Region, a large
area (there are two: London &
Scottish) extending up to but not
including FL 245.
7. Notified airspace starting at
ground level in which ATC service is
given to IFR flights, so when VFR
you can get away with ATC control,
unless it is notified under Rule 21,
where you need permission to enter
in the first place.
8. A Control Area, since it does not
start at the ground.
9. Track and Geographical.
10. 30 mins.
11. An instrument approach with all
or part of it completed by visual
reference to terrain.
12. Weather below minima, runway
obstructed, failure of ground
services and unacceptable delays.
13. An Instrument Rating.
14. Between 000-089 degrees.
Human Factors
Aircraft are getting more reliable so,
in theory at least, accidents should
happen less often. Unfortunately,
this is not the case, so we need to
look somewhere else for the causes.
Believe it or not, accidents are very
carefully planned – it’s just that the
results are very different from those
expected! An accident is actually the
end product of a chain of events, so
if you can recognise the sequence it
should be possible to nip any
problems in the bud.
A common saying is that "the well
oiled nut behind the wheel is the
most dangerous part of any car".
Not necessarily true for aviation,
perhaps, but, in looking for causes
other than the hardware when it
comes to accidents, it's hard not to
focus on the pilot (or human factor)
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