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within a few hours of each other, as
even fairly widely accepted stuff
such as aspirin can have
unpredictable effects, especially in
relation to Hypoxia (it's as well to
keep away from the office, too—
nobody else will want what you've
got). Particular ones to avoid are
antibiotics (penicillin, tetracyclines),
tranquilisers, antidepressants,
sedatives, stimulants (caffeine,
amphetamines), anti-histamines and
anything for relieving high blood
pressure, and, of course, anything
not actually prescribed. Naturally,
252 JAR Private Pilot Studies
you've got to be certifiable if you fly
having used marijuana, or worse.
Blood Donations
Pilots generally are discouraged from
giving blood (or plasma) when
actively flying, and some dental
anaesthetics can cause problems for
up to 24 hours or more, as can
anything to do with immunisation. If
you do give blood, try to leave a gap
of 24 hours, including bone marrow
donations. Although blood volume
is restored in a very short time, and
for most donors there are no
noticeable after-effects, there is still a
slight risk of faintness or loss of
consciousness. After a general
anaesthetic, check with the doctor.
Food poisoning can also be a
problem, and not just for
passengers—the standard precaution
(like in Airplane!) is to select different
items from the rest of the crew, even
in the hotel.
Don't forget to inform the
authorities (in writing) of illnesses,
personal injuries or presumed
pregnancies that incapacitate you for
more than 20 days (you can fly up to
the 30th week of pregnancy in
Canada, if your doctor agrees, but
wait for 4-6 weeks afterwards before
flying again). Pilots involved in
accidents should be medically
examined before flying again.
Radiation
At high altitudes, the main source is
energetic particles from outside the
solar system. Excessive exposure to
it may lead to cancer.
Exercise
Physical exercise strengthens the
heart and enhances the blood flow,
which helps when you get hypoxia.
More of this below.
Psychological Factors
That which influences, or ends to
influence, the mind or emotions. We
are concerned with them, because
they can influence the way we
interpret information on which we
base decisions.
The thing is, with both optical and
aural stimuli (discussed above), the
processing is done in the brain,
which uses past experience to
interpret what it senses – it therefore
has expectations. Even though the
transmissions are bad, we often fill
in gaps in messages from ATC
because we have heard them before
and know what to expect. Similarly,
when sitting in a train, we think we
are moving, when all the time it is
the other train. Because the ears are
also our organs of balance, we can
suffer illusions of movement.
Stress
Flying is stressful, there's no doubt
about that, but should stress be a
problem? It's arguable that a little is
good for you; it stops you slowing
down and keeps you on your toes;
this is the sort associated with
success. Excessive stress, on the
other hand, in the form of pressure
(that is, stress without respite) can
lead to fatigue, anxiety and inability
to cope, and is associated with
frustration or failure.
Stress and preoccupation have their
effects; a PA31 pilot was doing a
cargo flight with three scheduled
stops, but he did not refuel or even
shut down at any of them, so both
engines stopped after the last
Human Factors 253
delivery. He was anxious to get
home as his wife was in hospital.
Fight and flight responses are bodily
changes that prepare it for action –
adrenaline starts to pump and many
other changes take place as well,
including a rise of sugar in the blood.
When under stress you may well
revert to former training – watch out
for those levers in the wrong place
on the new machine!
What is Excessive Stress?
Anything that has a sufficiently
strong influence to take your
mind off the job in hand, or to
make you concentrate less well
on it. Not only are you not
doing your job properly, but
subconsciously feel guilty about
it, too, which is enough to set
up a little stress all of its own.
We all like to feel we are doing
the best we can possibly do, and
it disturbs our self-image to feel
that we're not. Consequently we
get angry at ourselves for being
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