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themselves. Shadows and whitecaps
are signs of large seas, and if they're
close together, the sea will be short
and rough. Avoid these areas as far
as possible—you only need about
500' or so to play with.
The behaviour of the aircraft on
making contact with the water will
vary according to the state of the sea;
the more confused and heavy the
swell, the greater the deceleration
forces and risks of breaking up
(helicopters with a high C of G, such
as the Puma, will tip over very easily,
and need a sea anchor to keep them
stable – in fact, the chances of any
helicopter turning upside down are
quite high). Landing is less
hazardous in a helicopter because
you can minimise forward speed. In
fact, if you are intentionally ditching,
you should come to a hover above
the water first, then throw out the kit
and the passengers. Having moved
away from them, settle on the
surface. If you can’t do that, a zero
speed landing should be aimed for,
which means a steep flare a little
higher and sooner than normal – any
fore and aft movement on landing
may cause rocking. Level off higher,
as well.
You need to protect your thumbs
throughout the whole process, as
undoing a seat belt is a lot more
difficult without them. Another tip is
to reduce the length of your neck by
hunching your head into your
shoulders, like a turtle. Be
particularly aware that anything
happening to the blades will be
transmitted through the controls,
and may well be painful, or worse, if
you get the cyclic in your stomach.
At some stage you will be able to do
nothing further with the controls, so
be prepared to take place your limbs
so that they do not flail about.
Keep the knees together, and
prepare to use the hand near the exit
to get out with, and the other to
release the seat belt, but not until the
machine is completely under water
and has preferably stopped moving.
This is to ensure you keep the same
relative position to the chosen exit.
174 JAR Private Pilot Studies
It will also provide extra leverage if
you have to push against anything.
Once on the water, hold the
machine upright and level using all
the cyclic control there is, and use
the rotor brake (if you've got one).
Then let the aircraft sink. Rolling to
ensure that the advancing blade is aft
of the fuselage is one consideration,
but this will increase the chances of
disorientation, although it does
ensure that the engine or
transmission moves away from the
cabin if it breaks free, due to
gyroscopic precession. The way out
of a submerged cabin is to place a
hand on an open window or door,
and follow your hand out, so you
have a better idea of which way is
up. Otherwise, instruct passengers
not to leave until everything has
quietened down. When you do, take
the flotation and survival gear, but
keep everyone together (remember
that even seat cushions float). Attach
the raft to the aircraft until you need
to inflate it, as it will sail away
downwind quite easily.
Splash, use flares or mirrors to
attract attention, but let the rescuers
come to you. Don't leave the
security of the raft or aircraft unless
you're actually being rescued as the
downwash or wind will blow them
away from you.
Keep moving—don't attempt to
swim unless land is less than a mile
or so away, but DON’T DRINK
SEAWATER – it absorbs liquid and
body fluids are used to try and get
rid of it, so it gets you twice. Cold
makes you give up, so try and keep a
positive mental attitude. Except in
mid-ocean, SAR will be operational
very soon after the distress call, so
switch on the SARBE or ELT as
soon as convenient, which will also
assist a SAR satellite to get a fix on
you. Try not to point the aerial
directly at rescue aircraft as this may
put them in a null zone.
Don't worry if the rescue helicopter
disappears for ten minutes after
finding you. It will be making an
automatic letdown to your exact
position after locating your overhead
at height. This is where the
temptation to use speech is very
strong, but should be resisted
because this is when the homing
signal from the ELT/SARBE is
most needed. Speech should only be
used as a last resort as, not only will
it wear your batteries down, but also
take priority over the homing signal
used to fix your position. If you feel
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