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be used in a particular mechanism and on the method of application and/or replacement of that
grease. In particular, the latest issues of the following publications should be consulted for the
most up-to-date advice:
• Boeing Service Letter 707-SL-20-012-C/727-SL-20-022C/737-SL-20-027-C/747-SL-20-
044-C/757-SL-20-022-C/767-SL-20-022-C/777-SL-20-006-C “Summary of Most
Commonly Used Greases on Boeing Airplanes”
• Airbus Service Information Letter SIL 12-008 “General Purpose Aviation Greases
Functional Interchangeability”
Grease Intermixing SHELLAV-OIAM/37 07/10/2002 1 of 2
Grease Intermixing SHELLAV-OIAM/37 07/10/2002 2 of 2
• FAA Flight Standards Information Bulletin for Airworthiness FSAW 02-02C “The
Potential Adverse Effects of Grease Substitution”
After changing from one type or brand of grease to another, operators may choose to shorten the
re-greasing interval by 50% for the following period and then revert to the normal re-greasing
interval specified in the Aircraft Maintenance Manual. This will help to ensure that the new type or
brand of grease has fully replaced the old.
It is not good practice to randomly or intermittently alternate between grease types or brands, even
though they may be approved to the same grease specification. Grease manufacturers carefully
balance the components in their greases for optimum performance. Therefore even if two different
greases are not incompatible, it is unlikely that all mixtures of the two greases will maintain the
same optimal performance as the individual greases (“performance dilution”). Once an action has
been taken to change grease types or brands, then the chosen grease should always be used for
subsequent re-greasing.
Wherever possible, use of a grease gun or grease in cartridges is recommended. If grease is used
directly from tins or pails, it is important that wooden scrapers are not employed and that the tin lid
is replaced firmly immediately the grease has been removed in order to prevent contamination by
airborne dust, dirt and atmospheric moisture.
Shell Aviation Ltd.
Shell Centre
York Road
London SE1 7NA
Emergency and Abnormal Situations:
Aviation and Process Control
Industries
Barbara Burian, Ph.D.
SJSUF / NASA Ames Research Center
Immanuel Barshi, Ph.D. and Key Dismukes, Ph.D.
NASA Ames Research Center
ASM Consortium Quarterly Meeting
Richmond, CA - October 16, 2003
The Challenge
Emergency and abnormal situations:
- are often time critical, complex, and/or ambiguous
- are high stress, high workload, and a great deal is at stake
- require exceptionally high levels of coordination inside and
outside of the airplane
Emergency and abnormal procedures:
- are generally focused on aircraft systems rather than on
the situation as a whole
- are practiced seldom (twice a year or less) and used rarely
- are often highly dependent on fragile cognitive processes
- when needed, are crucial and must be performed correctly
Industry Contacts and Consultants
Boeing, Airbus Industries, BAE Systems
FAA, CAA (UK), ICAO
ALPA, APA, SWAPA, ATA
NTSB, TSB of Canada
Southwest Airlines, United Airlines,
Continental Airlines, American Airlines,
Fed Ex, Aloha Airlines, Hawaiian
Airlines, Air Canada, Cathay Pacific,
Airborne Express, UPS, US Airways,
TWA (prior to merger)
Manufacturers:
Regulatory Agencies:
Unions and Trade
Groups:
Accident Investigation
Bodies:
Airlines:
Emergency and Abnormal Situations Project
Taxonomy of the Domain
Broad, Over-arching Issues (3)
15 Different Categories of Issues:
Selected Emergency Equipment and Evacuation Issues (1)
Issues Related to the Aircraft (2)
Issues Related to Training (1)
Issues Related to Humans (5)
Issues Related to Checklists and Procedures (3)
Emergency and Abnormal Situations Project
Taxonomy of the Domain
Broad, Over-arching Issues
15 Different Categories of Issues:
Selected Emergency Equipment and Evacuation Issues
Issues Related to the Aircraft
Issues Related to Training
Issues Related to Humans
Issues Related to Checklists and Procedures
Definitions &
Perspectives
Philosophies
Economic and
Regulatory
Pressures
Emergency and Abnormal Situations Project
Taxonomy of the Domain
Broad, Over-arching Issues
Philosophies and Policies of Dealing with Emergencies and
Abnormal Situations – Manufacturers, Company, ATC, etc.
Economic and Regulatory Pressures Pertaining to Dealing
with and Training for Emergencies
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