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n Profiling, background check, personal
interview (El Al experience)
n Cross-over point for short-range trips
shifts -- other transportation modes
become more attractive
“Flying simply is not fun anymore.
It’s just too unpleasant.”
Andy Rooney, 60 Minutes, 2/10/02
Congressman Forced to Strip at Airport
(NYT, 1/8/02)
Suspect Walks Off as
Explosive is Detected
(NYT 1/31/02)
Airport Security Systems
and Operations
n Multi-tier check-in for known and
unknown passengers
n Security procedures for air crews
tailored to their status
n Low-tech solutions: baggage
identification, bomb-sniffing dogs
n High-tech solutions: ID cards,
biometrics, explosives detection
n No dearth of proposals: which to choose?
n Air terminal renovations for increased
security
n Is BIG BROTHER our friend after all?
Security and Surveillance
on Aircraft
n In-flight measures: last line of
defense
n Strengthened cockpit door,
defensive maneuvers, cabin depressurization,
crew ID interlocks
on controls, guns, Tasers
n Crew vigilance and procedures
n Defensive actions of full-time and
“reserve” air marshals, athletic
passengers
n Cockpit and cabin video cameras,
transponders, ACARS, CVRs,
DFDRs: independent power,
inaccessible circuit breakers
United Airlines orders 1300 Tasers
Remote Control of a Commandeered
Aircraft is Not a Good Idea
n Frequency of hijacking incidents
n Time to develop systems
n Cost of airborne and ground-based
components
n Feasibility of retrofit to older aircraft
n Maintenance of systems
n Training of ground personnel and air
crews
n Reliability of systems (e.g., Predator
and Global Hawk losses)
n Likelihood of causing accidents where
no terrorism was present
Automated Avoidance of High-Value
Sites is Not a Good Idea
n Analogy to ground proximity warning,
terrain avoidance, traffic-collision avoidance
systems (which assume cooperative crew)
n All of prior concerns, plus ...
n Definition of high-value sites to be protected
n Radius and altitude of protection bubble
n Navigation around contiguous bubbles
n Sensing/estimation of site location
n Definition of safe avoidance flight paths
n Interface between automatic and manual
control systems
Enhanced Real-Time Monitoring
is a Good Idea
n Early warning against use of
aircraft as WMD or destruction
of aircraft
n Downlink cockpit and cabin
video, digital flight data
n Increased knowledge of aircraft
intent
n Cost efficiency of 24/7 air patrol
vs. “hot” alert
n But ....
n Will fighter/homeland defense
aircraft shoot down threatening
aircraft?
n Can anti-aircraft installations
protect high-value sites?
Air Traffic Control and the National
Airspace System (NAS): Present
n Reduced number of flying aircraft (-15-20%)
n Short-term (18-month) reprieve for NAS growth rate; capacity crunch by 2010
n Security takes budget priority over advanced ComNavSurv systems
n System development progressing at a glacial pace, though some hardware/software
upgrades in place
(AW&ST, 3/18/02)
'Huge' Budget Shortfall
Looms for FAA
Air Traffic Control and
the National Airspace System: Future
n Increased reliance on GPS
– WAAS, LAAS
– Selective Availability, level of signal degradation
– Deprivation of service in national emergency? (e.g., jamming, outage)
n Russian and European alternatives (GLONASS/GNSS)
n Enhanced telemetry (e.g., ADS-B, IFF, Mode S, leading to TCAS-4)
n Need for collaborative air traffic management, increased robustness
Impact on
Commercial Airlines
n Fear-of-flying factor
n Schedule reductions of ~15%
n Load factors recovering but still
down 20%; downsizing of aircraft in
many markets
n Largest-ever losses; layoffs of 90,000,
lower fares to lure flyers back
n High carrying costs, low margins,
need for high cash flow
n Perennial labor issues, fare wars, etc.
n Alliances, consolidation, and
bankruptcy; survival of the fittest
n On-time performance improved:
85% (11/02) vs. 73% (11/01)
(AW&ST, 3/18/02)
Much of the Commercial Fleet
is Grounded
n 7,000 commercial aircraft; airlines
park up to 2,000: B-727s, DC-10s,
B-737s, MD-11s, DC-9s, MD-80s
n Older, less-efficient aircraft
mothballed, put up for sale
n Major upgrade to world’s air
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