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Air Transportation After
September 11th
Terrorist Mass Murder: New 'Weapon of Choice’. Grotesque
transformation of airliners into weapons of mass destruction stirs profound
reassessment of U.S. strategy and national security (The New York Times)
Copyright 2002 by Robert F. Stengel. All rights reserved.
Robert Stengel
Princeton University
March 2002
A Critical Assault on Liberty, Justice,
Peace, and Freedom of the Skies
n Conspiracy to carry out criminal acts
n Terrorists took advantage of our open
society to cause it great harm
n Instruments of terror were almost
entirely of American origin
n Preserving justice and peace may
restrict liberty and freedom
n Difficult balance between security and
preserving individual rights
n Law enforcement vs. more restrictive
laws
n Adapting to the diversity of evil
Sixteen of the
19 bombers
were in US
on legal visas
Visa extensions sent to 2
hijackers by INS in March, 2002
The Herndon Crisis:
11 Aircraft Unaccounted for (AW&ST, 12/17/01)
n 8 am: AAL 11 (B-767) takeoff
n 8:01: UAL 93 (B-757) takeoff
n 8:14: UAL 175 (B-767) takeoff
n 8:21: AAL 77 (B-757) takeoff
n 8:30: Possible hijacking reported
n 8:46: AAL 11 impact on WTC 1
n 9:03: UAL 175 impact on WTC 2
n ~9:15: 11 aircraft with “unusual
information”, including AAL 77 and
UAL 93
n 9:26: Nationwide departures halted
n 9:41: AAL 77 impact on Pentagon
n 9:45: All aircraft directed to land
immediately @ nearest airport
n 10:10: UAL 93 crash in PA --
9 “unusual” aircraft still airborne --
concern for attack on White House
and Air Force One
n 10:39: All airport operations halted
n 11:06: All NAS operations suspended
n 12:16: Airspace is clear, except for
military aircraft
National Airspace Shutdown: Timeline
(AW&ST, 12/17/01)
The FAA reopened the National Airspace System to commercial
and private aviation on Sept. 13 at 11 a.m. EDT
Terrorist Threats to
Commercial Aircraft
n On-Board Terrorists
– Trained pilots among passengers
– Personal effects, carry-on luggage
» Hand weapons
» Explosives
– Air crew
» Malicious intent
» Suicidal goal
n External Terrorists
– Service workers
» Aircraft maintenance
» Food carts
– Anti-aircraft weapons
» Stingers
» Kamikaze aircraft
» Lasers
Was the Global Positioning System (GPS)
an Enabling Technology for the Attacks?
Battery Life 8-24 hr
Number of User Waypoints 500
Display Size 2.2 x 1.5
Receiver** 12 channel
Unit Size 2.32 x 5 x 1.62
Unit Weight 9 oz
Database Options Americas, Pacific Intl, Atlantic Intl.
Jeppesen Database*** Full, plus ARTCC and FSS frequencies
Moving Map YES
Basemap 20 MI
Pixels 100 x 160
Display Type High-Contrast FTN 4 level gray
Standard Accessories Dash mnt, batteries
Built-in H.S.I. YES
IFR or VFR VFR
MSRP**** $549 (street: $475)
Government Security Actions
(Aerospace America 2/02)
n DoT Rapid Response Team reports on aircraft and airport security (10/01)
n Air Transportation Safety and Stabilization Act (10/01): $5B cash, $10B
loan guarantees, de facto re-regulation of recipients
n Aviation and Transportation Security Act (11/01)
n Transportation Security Administration established, separate from FAA
and NTSB
– 10-minute delay (max) at check-in
– Comprehensive screening of all checked baggage and cargo
– Several thousand air marshals to be deployed by June 1, 2002
– New focus on collecting intelligence
– Federalization of screeners, giving them union protection
n Disparity between Congressional mandates and realistic goals
n Restructuring of INS, need for better cooperation among agencies
Passenger Screening at the Airport
n Increased check-in delays
n Intermittent concourse shut-down and
re-screening
n Correct vs. politically correct policies
n Security vs. invasion of privacy and
harassment
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