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earlier, RC allows you to fly legs of other lengths. When you are sixty miles out (if you chose
20 mile legs), still heading 055°, begin a standard right turn (to heading 235°) to intercept the
055° radial. Once again, you are heading for that forty-mile fix where you will again turn
outbound. Headings will vary given changing wind conditions. Correct as necessary.
Obviously, if you had chosen 5 mile legs you would begin your turn inbound at 45 miles. If
you had chosen 10 mile legs you would start the turn at 50 miles.
You will see how easy it is to miss items in a rapid-fire holding clearance. Altitude is usually
the first. Many pilots write the instructions down as they come, but the altitude is always the
first thing adjusted in the assigned altitude windows.
Finally, you will be given an EFC time. Why? What if two-way communication is lost
between ATC and your flight? Are you supposed to remain in holding until running out of
fuel? It is at the EFC time that ATC will expect you to do what the FARs tell you to do, that
is continue on to the airport without a verbal clearance out of holding.
If it becomes necessary for the controller to keep you in the pattern longer than originally
anticipated, he will issue you a new EFC before the original runs out. If your EFC time has
come and gone without being issued a revised EFC, chances are you have lost two-way
communications.
When traffic settles down or the weather pushes out, Arrival will call Center telling them to
return to normal procedures. Do not fall asleep. The point at which you are cleared out of
hold is not predictable because we do not know when Arrival will call. When you are cleared
in, at about 40 miles out, Center will switch you to Approach.
Minimum Fuel
Aviation authorities require a pilot to ensure a fuel load citing specific minimums. There are
many variables that go into the different regulated fuel minima. For RC‟s purposes, we
suggest you go with the standard fuel load: Allow for the duration of the flight plus alternate
airport, plus forty-five minutes. Remember, this is a minimum. Check arrival weather,
anticipate delays, and load fuel appropriately.
”Minimum Fuel” is something normally seen from the military but you have the option as
well. While in an enroute Holding Pattern or Delay Vector routine and you see you are
running low on fuel, select the „Declare Minimum Fuel‟ item on the Pilot's Menu. You will
be issued a new Clearance Limit (the destination airport) immediately. You can call
minimum fuel anytime after you are advised of the delay, right away or after you have entered
the holding pattern. It is not necessary to wait until after you have received your holding
instructions before declaring minimum fuel.
ATC will always gladly accommodate and give priority to this request. No one wants to see a
disaster, but you can expect a visit from the authorities who will want to know what
happened. Use with discretion.
Radar Contact ATC Basics
Version 4 December 2, 2007
Copyright JDT LLC 2005 Page 54
The Arrival Phase
The majority of this section will cover standard Approach control services, IAP Approaches,
Missed Approach, and the various options available.
With respect to Levels of ATC Service, the important thing to remember is Center does not
vector to final. Consequently, the “Req Vector App” menu item is not available after missed
approach at fully and some partially uncontrolled airports. Where this doc may say
“Approach will”, that controller will be Center if there is no Approach controller.
Again, you can do everything with and make similar clearance requests to Center as you can
an Approach controller with the exception of vectors to an ILS.
Approach Control
One of the first things you will be told after having contacted Approach is which runway to
expect for landing. If for any reason you would like to request an alternate runway or one of
your alternate airports, you can do it here. The Approach controller will essentially take over
your aircraft, assigning headings, altitudes, and speeds. Follow instructions to the letter.
Unless you request a Visual or IAP approach, the controller will set you up for some type of
"Localizer" (ILS or SDF) approach.
Vectored “Pattern” Approaches
Arrival airports staffed by Approach controllers offer vectors to an ILS or localizer as default.
Depending on your angle of approach to the airport with respect to the preferred runway you
will be given a heading taking you directly at the field, unless your angle of approach calls for
a “Straight-In”.
Runway Selection
This may be one of the most controversial issues in RC, certainly the most debated. The
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