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the error-finding software as a safety
enhancement.
“Eliminating possibilities for humans
to make errors raises the safety
bar,” Sabatini says.20
Michel Tremaud, senior director of
customer services and head of safety
management for Airbus, agrees.
“The use of EFBs reduces the risk
of errors, particularly when operating
in demanding conditions or under
fatigue,” Tremaud says. “This is particularly
the case in terms of weightand-
balance computation, takeoff per-
PAPERLESS COCKPIT
Continued from page 31
AVIONICS NEWS • SEPTEMBER 2005 33
formance computations, especially
when corrections, such as MEL conditions,
have to be applied.”21
EFB calculations also are more precise
than those prepared by pilots using
aircraft performance charts. Tremaud
says that the results of EFB performance
computations are more “optimized,”
compared with paper charts,
which are always “conservative.”
Moving Maps Improve
Situational Awareness
EFBs also provide for increased
safety during ground operations with
airport surface moving map (SMM)
displays designed to improve pilot
situational awareness. Class 3 EFBs
combine GPS technology with an
electronic airport-taxi map to provide
an indication of own-ship position and
heading; Class 2 EFBs include a moving
map but do not indicate own-ship
position.
Massy-Greene and Johnson say that
studies by government and industry
have found that SMM displays are
“the most powerful intervention for
runway-incursion prevention” and that
use of SMM displays with own-ship
position could prevent nearly half of
all runway incursion incidents.
“The evolution of the [SMM] function
can increase capability, especially
if it shares the situational awareness
functionality provided to the airport
ground traffic controller,” they say.
“Coupling of the airplane-based SMM
with the airport-based situational display
will provide the flight crew with
complete airport situational assessment.
The flight crew will have not only a
full situational view but also be able to
view the same data and assessment as
the airport ground controller. This will
lead to more effective communication
and, therefore, increased safety.”
In addition to safety benefits, the
enhanced situational awareness also
helps reduce taxi times and reduce delays.
22
Display Screens Can
Provide Cabin Surveillance
Some EFB systems can be linked
to cameras that monitor the cabin and
the cabin side of the flight deck door in
compliance with a standard developed
by the International Civil Aviation Organization
(ICAO) for “a means ... for
monitoring from either pilotʼs station
the entire door area outside the flight
crew compartment to identify persons
requesting entry and to detect suspicious
behavior or potential threat.”23
Tom Mullan of ARINC says that
his firmʼs Class 2 EFB includes video
surveillance that allows the flight crew
to monitor the flight deck door without
the installation of dedicated video displays.
The video is obtained from any
number of cameras that are installed in
the cabin and is displayed on an EFB
screen.24
EFBs also provide for several improvements
in communication, including
the following:25
• A communications-management
function allows an airline to select
preferred communication methods for
EFB applications. In many airplanes,
the EFB is connected to the aircraft
communications addressing and reporting
system (ACARS) and the communications
management unit (CMU)
cabin terminal port; and,
• Distributed data management allows
an airline to automatically manage
data delivery to its airplanes by
copying information onto CD-ROM
(compact disc-read only memory)
loaded into the EFB.
Transition From Paper
Alters Workload
One of a series of studies conducted
for FAA of human factors considerations
involving the use of EFBs
says that the transition from paper to
EFBs could present problems for flight
crews.
“It is important to understand how a
new system such as an EFB will affect
workload patterns,” says the report by
aviation human factors researchers.
“Workload may be decreased in some
ways and increased in other ways. Increased
workload could result from
inefficient design of the software or
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