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3 EFBs have been delivered to KLM
and three other airlines—Emirates,
Malaysia Airlines and Pakistan International
Airlines. Class 3 EFBs also
will be installed in B-777 airplanes
scheduled to be delivered in 2005 to
EVA Airways Corp. and in 2006 to Air
New Zealand.12
At Emirates, which took delivery of
its first EFB-equipped B-777-300ER
in March 2005, managers of the Flight
Operations Department expressed “enthusiasm
and high hopes” for the use
of EFBs, says spokeswoman Frances
Barton. Performance and documentation
applications were implemented on
the four B-777-300ER airplanes in service
in June 2005, and other on-board
information applications were being
evaluated for eventual implementation
on a total of 30 B-777s and on 45
Airbus A380 airplanes ordered by the
airline.13
Proulx says that each of Boeingʼs
Class 3 EFB systems includes two
display units and two electronics
units—one for the captain and the other
for the first officer. Each pilotʼs system
operates independently, and each
includes two computers.
“The systems are doubly redundant
unto themselves,” Proulx says. “The
captainʼs system is independent of the
first officerʼs system, and within the
system itself, there are double systems.
However, the Boeing EFB can provide
ʻchart clipsʼ so that one pilotʼs EFB
display can show the image displayed
on the other pilotʼs EFB; this allows
one pilot to generate information for
the other pilotʼs viewing.”
The stand-alone units are not vulnerable
to computer hackers (people
who illegally gain access to and/or alter
information in computer systems).
Airbus will introduce its class 3
EFBs in A380 airplanes, the first of
which are scheduled for delivery in
2007 to Emirates, and later, on A350
airplanes.14
Cost Reduction Projected
In addition to enabling flight crews
to reduce the amount of paper on the
flight deck, EFBs have other advantages,
including a reduction in expenditures.
“The business case for deploying
EFBs considers many types of benefits
to airlines,” says an April 2005 FAA
study. “Relative to traditional avionics,
they come at a low initial cost, can be
customized and are easily upgraded,
making them an open-ended computing
platform rather than a packaged
system.”15
Most areas in which cost-reduction
is possible involve data management
and data distribution, but projected
savings also include training costs and
medical costs associated with pilot injuries
from carrying heavy flight bags
filled with paper, the FAA study says.
Jerome Leullier, manager of operational
methods and human factors at
Airbus, cites several specific areas in
which savings occur: “No paper for edocumentation
and daily flight folders
generation, [no] space for paper storage
and [no] manual data transcription
after the flight.”16
In addition, David Massy-Greene
and Amy Johnson, EFB specialists at
Boeing, say, “Current takeoff and landing
calculations are conservative and
often based on early dispatch weightand-
balance information, which adds
delay and cost to each flight. The EFB
will reduce airline costs and increase
payload by providing more accurate
calculations based on real-time information.
These calculations can result
in lower thrust ratings, which reduce
engine maintenance costs.”17
The maintenance process also benefits
from an EFBʼs electronic logbook
application, which provides for the
identification, recording and reporting
of aircraft faults; and the transfer of the
information to the EFB performance
calculator. When maintenance personnel
review the electronic logbook,
complaints are legible—in contrast
with some pilotsʼ handwritten notations.
18
Airbus has estimated that operating
costs and maintenance costs could be
reduced by as much as 5 percent for
each airplane equipped with an EFB.19
In addition to cost-reduction benefits,
calculations performed using
EFB software reduce the possibility
for human mathematical errors. The
computer software also warns pilots if
a number has been entered that is outside
the anticipated range for a specific
weight or function.
In a published report, Nicholas Sabatini,
FAA associate administrator for
regulation and certification, points to
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