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not been verified, the accuracy of the information should be
considered uncertain and the pilot shall be informed
accordingly.
8.8.3 Failure of equipment
8.8.3.1 AIRCRAFT RADIO TRANSMITTER FAILURE
8.8.3.1.1 If two-way communication is lost with an
aircraft, the radar controller should determine whether or not
the aircraft’s receiver is functioning by instructing the aircraft
on the frequency so far used to acknowledge by making a
Chapter 8. Radar Services 8-15
1/11/01
specified manoeuvre and by observing the aircraft’s track, or
by instructing the aircraft to operate IDENT or to make code
changes.
Note.— Transponder-equipped aircraft experiencing
radio-communication failure will operate the transponder on
Mode A Code 7600.
8.8.3.1.2 If the action prescribed in 8.8.3.1.1 is
unsuccessful, it shall be repeated on any other available
frequency on which it is believed that the aircraft might be
listening.
8.8.3.1.3 In both the cases covered by 8.8.3.1.1 and
8.8.3.1.2, any manoeuvring instructions shall be such that the
aircraft would regain its current cleared track after having
complied with the instructions received.
8.8.3.1.4 Where it has been established by the action in
8.8.3.1.1 that the aircraft’s radio receiver is functioning, continued
control of transponder-equipped aircraft where SSR is
available can be effected using code changes or IDENT transmissions
to obtain acknowledgement of clearances issued to
the aircraft.
8.8.3.2 COMPLETE AIRCRAFT COMMUNICATION FAILURE
When a controlled aircraft experiencing complete communication
failure is operating or expected to operate in an area and
at flight levels where radar separation is applied, such
separation may continue to be used. However, if the aircraft
experiencing the communication failure is not identified, radar
separation shall be applied between aircraft under radar control
and all unidentified aircraft observed along the expected route
of the aircraft with the communication failure, until such time
as it is known, or can safely be assumed, that the aircraft with
radio failure has passed through the airspace concerned, has
landed, or has proceeded elsewhere.
8.8.3.3 AIRCRAFT TRANSPONDER FAILURE IN AREAS
WHERE THE CARRIAGE OF A FUNCTIONING
TRANSPONDER IS MANDATORY
8.8.3.3.1 When an aircraft experiencing transponder
failure after departure is operating or expected to operate in an
area where the carriage of a functioning transponder with
specified capabilities is mandatory, the ATC units concerned
should endeavour to provide for continuation of the flight to
the aerodrome of first intended landing in accordance with the
flight plan. However, in certain traffic situations, either in
terminal areas or en-route, continuation of the flight may not
be possible, particularly when failure is detected shortly after
take-off. The aircraft may then be required to return to the
departure aerodrome or to land at the nearest suitable
aerodrome acceptable to the operator concerned and to ATC.
8.8.3.3.2 In case of a transponder failure which is
detected before departure from an aerodrome where it is not
practicable to effect a repair, the aircraft concerned should be
permitted to proceed, as directly as possible, to the nearest
suitable aerodrome where repair can be made. When granting
clearance to such aircraft, ATC should take into consideration
the existing or anticipated traffic situation and may have to
modify the time of departure, flight level or route of the intended
flight. Subsequent adjustments may become necessary
during the course of the flight.
8.8.4 Radar equipment failure
8.8.4.1 In the event of complete failure of the radar
equipment except for air-ground communications, the radar
controller shall:
a) plot the positions of all aircraft already identified and,
in conjunction with the non-radar controller when
applicable, take the necessary action to establish nonradar
separation between the aircraft;
and when relevant:
b) request the appropriate non-radar controller to assume
control of the traffic affected;
c) instruct aircraft to communicate with the appropriate
non-radar controller for further instructions.
8.8.4.2 As an emergency measure, use of flight levels
spaced by half the applicable vertical separation minimum
may be resorted to temporarily if standard non-radar
separation cannot be provided immediately.
8.8.4.3 Except when there is assurance that the complete
radar equipment failure will be of a very limited duration,
steps should be taken to limit the number of aircraft permitted
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