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Forecast. A statement of expected meteorological conditions
for a specified time or period, and for a specified area or
portion of airspace.
Glide path. A descent profile determined for vertical guidance
during a final approach.
Ground effect. A condition of improved performance (lift) due
to the interference of the surface with the airflow pattern
of the rotor system when a helicopter or other VTOL
aircraft is operating near the ground.
Note.— Rotor efficiency is increased by ground effect
to a height of about one rotor diameter for most
helicopters.
Ground-to-air communication. One-way communication
from stations or locations on the surface of the earth to
aircraft.
Ground visibility. The visibility at an aerodrome, as reported
by an accredited observer.
Heading. The direction in which the longitudinal axis of an
aircraft is pointed, usually expressed in degrees from
North (true, magnetic, compass or grid).
Height. The vertical distance of a level, a point or an object
considered as a point, measured from a specified datum.
Holding point. A specified location, identified by visual or
other means, in the vicinity of which the position of an
aircraft in flight is maintained in accordance with air
traffic control clearances.
Holding procedure. A predetermined manoeuvre which keeps
an aircraft within a specified airspace while awaiting
further clearance.
Human Factors principles. Principles which apply to
aeronautical design, certification, training, operations and
maintenance and which seek safe interface between the
human and other system components by proper
consideration to human performance.
1-8 Air Traffic Management (PANS-ATM)
1/11/01
Human performance. Human capabilities and limitations
which have an impact on the safety and efficiency of
aeronautical operations.
IFR. The symbol used to designate the instrument flight rules.
IFR flight. A flight conducted in accordance with the
instrument flight rules.
IMC. The symbol used to designate instrument meteorological
conditions.
INCERFA. The code word used to designate an uncertainty
phase.
Incident. An occurrence, other than an accident, associated
with the operation of an aircraft which affects or could
affect the safety of operation.
Note.— The type of incidents which are of main interest to
the International Civil Aviation Organization for accident
prevention studies are listed in the ICAO Accident/Incident
Reporting Manual (Doc 9156).
Independent parallel approaches. Simultaneous approaches
to parallel or near-parallel instrument runways where radar
separation minima between aircraft on adjacent extended
runway centre lines are not prescribed.
Independent parallel departures. Simultaneous departures
from parallel or near-parallel instrument runways.
Initial approach segment. That segment of an instrument
approach procedure between the initial approach fix and
the intermediate approach fix or, where applicable, the
final approach fix or point.
Instrument approach procedure. A series of predetermined
manoeuvres by reference to flight instruments with specified
protection from obstacles from the initial approach fix, or
where applicable, from the beginning of a defined arrival
route to a point from which a landing can be completed and
thereafter, if a landing is not completed, to a position at
which holding or en-route obstacle clearance criteria apply.
Instrument meteorological conditions (IMC). Meteorological
conditions expressed in terms of visibility, distance from
cloud, and ceiling, less than the minima specified for
visual meteorological conditions.
Note 1.— The specified minima for visual
meteorological conditions are contained in Chapter 4 of
Annex 2.
Note 2.— In a control zone, a VFR flight may proceed
under instrument meteorological conditions if and as
authorized by air traffic control.
Landing area. That part of a movement area intended for the
landing or take-off of aircraft.
Level. A generic term relating to the vertical position of an
aircraft in flight and meaning variously, height, altitude or
flight level.
Location indicator. A four-letter code group formulated in
accordance with rules prescribed by ICAO and assigned to
the location of an aeronautical fixed station.
Manoeuvring area. That part of an aerodrome to be used for
the take-off, landing and taxiing of aircraft, excluding
aprons.
Meteorological information. Meteorological report, analysis,
forecast, and any other statement relating to existing or
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