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not operated in such proximity to other flights as to create a
collision hazard.
Note 2.— It is axiomatic that a VFR flight must remain in
visual meteorological conditions at all times. Accordingly, the
issuance of a clearance to a VFR flight to fly subject to
maintaining own separation and remaining in visual
meteorological conditions has no other object than to signify
that, for the duration of the clearance, separation from other
aircraft by air traffic control is not provided.
Note 3. — The objectives of the air traffic control service
as prescribed in Annex 11 do not include prevention of
Figure 5-34. Three-minute wake turbulence separation for following aircraft (see 5.8.3.2)
3 minutes
less than 760 m
rotation point
Chapter 5. Separation Methods and Minima 5-29
1/11/01
collision with terrain. The procedures prescribed in this
document do not therefore relieve pilots of their responsibility
to ensure that any clearance issued by air traffic control units
is safe in this respect, except when an IFR flight is vectored
using radar. See Chapter 8, 8.6.5.2.
When so requested by an aircraft and provided it is agreed by
the pilot of the other aircraft and so authorized by the
appropriate ATS authority, an ATC unit may clear a controlled
flight, including departing and arriving flights, operating in
airspace Classes D and E in visual meteorological conditions
during the hours of daylight to fly subject to maintaining own
separation to one other aircraft and remaining in visual
meteorological conditions. When a controlled flight is so
cleared, the following shall apply:
a) the clearance shall be for a specified portion of the
flight at or below 3 050 m (10 000 ft), during climb or
descent and subject to further restrictions as and when
prescribed on the basis of regional air navigation
agreements;
b) if there is a possibility that flight under visual
meteorological conditions may become impracticable,
an IFR flight shall be provided with alternative
instructions to be complied with in the event that flight
in visual meteorological conditions (VMC) cannot be
maintained for the term of the clearance;
c) the pilot of an IFR flight, on observing that conditions
are deteriorating and considering that operation in
VMC will become impossible, shall inform ATC
before entering instrument meteorological conditions
(IMC) and shall proceed in accordance with the
alternative instructions given.
Note.— See also 5.10.1.2.
5.10 ESSENTIAL TRAFFIC INFORMATION
5.10.1 General
5.10.1.1 Essential traffic is that controlled traffic to
which the provision of separation by ATC is applicable, but
which, in relation to a particular controlled flight is not, or will
not be, separated from other controlled traffic by the
appropriate separation minimum.
Note.— Pursuant to Section 3.1 of Chapter 3, but subject
to certain exceptions stated therein, ATC is required to provide
Figure 5-35. Two-minute wake turbulence separation for opposite direction take-off (see 5.8.5 a))
2 minutes
2 minutes
5-30 Air Traffic Management (PANS-ATM)
1/11/01
separation between IFR flights in airspace Classes A to E, and
between IFR and VFR flights in Classes B and C. ATC is not
required to provide separation between VFR flights, except
within airspace Class B. Therefore, IFR or VFR flights may
constitute essential traffic to IFR traffic, and IFR flights may
constitute essential traffic to VFR traffic. However, a VFR
flight would not constitute essential traffic to other VFR flights
except within Class B airspace.
5.10.1.2 Essential traffic information shall be given to
controlled flights concerned whenever they constitute essential
traffic to each other.
Note.— This information will inevitably relate to controlled
flights cleared subject to maintaining own separation and
remaining in visual meteorological conditions and also
whenever the intended separation minimum has been
infringed.
5.10.2 Information to be provided
Essential traffic information shall include:
a) direction of flight of aircraft concerned;
b) type and wake turbulence category (if relevant) of
aircraft concerned;
c) cruising level of aircraft concerned and;
1) estimated time over the reporting point nearest to
where the level will be crossed; or,
2) relative bearing of the aircraft concerned in terms
of the 12-hour clock as well as distance from the
conflicting traffic; or
3) actual or estimated position of the aircraft
concerned.
Note 1. — Nothing in Section 5.10 is intended to prevent
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