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2.5.2 Scope
The scope of ATS unit safety reviews should include at least
the following issues:
Regulatory issues to ensure that:
a) ATS operations manuals, ATS unit instructions and air
traffic control (ATC) coordination procedures are
complete, concise, and up-to-date;
b) the ATS route structure, where applicable, provides for:
1) adequate route spacing; and
2) crossing points for ATS routes located so as to
reduce the need for controller intervention and for
inter- and intra-unit coordination;
c) the separation minima used in the airspace or at the
aerodrome are appropriate and all the provisions
applicable to those minima are being complied with;
d) where applicable, provision is made for adequate
visual or radar observation of the manoeuvring area,
and procedures and measures aimed at minimizing the
potential for inadvertent runway incursions are in
place;
e) appropriate procedures for low visibility aerodrome
operations are in place;
f) traffic volumes and associated controller work loads do
not exceed defined, safe levels and that procedures are
in place for regulating traffic volumes whenever
necessary;
g) procedures to be applied in the event of failures or
degradations of ATS systems, including communications,
navigation and surveillance systems, are
practicable and will provide for an acceptable level of
safety; and
h) procedures for the reporting of incidents and other
safety-related occurrences are implemented, that the
reporting of incidents is encouraged and that such
reports are reviewed to identify the need for any
remedial action.
Operational and technical issues to ensure that:
a) the environmental working conditions meet established
levels for temperature, humidity, ventilation, noise and
ambient lighting, and do not adversely affect controller
performance;
b) automation systems generate and display flight plan,
control and coordination data in a timely, accurate and
easily recognizable manner and in accordance with
Human Factors principles;
c) equipment, including input/output devices for
automation systems, are designed and positioned in the
working position in accordance with ergonomic
principles;
d) communications, navigation, surveillance and other
safety significant systems and equipment;
1) are tested for normal operations on a routine basis;
2) meet the required level of reliability and availability
as defined by the appropriate authority;
3) provide for the timely and appropriate detection
and warning of system failures and degradations;
4) include documentation on the consequences of
system, sub-system and equipment failures and
degradations;
5) include measures to control the probability of
failures and degradations; and
Chapter 2. ATS Safety Management 2-3
1/11/01
6) include adequate back-up facilities and/or
procedures in the event of a system failure or
degradation; and
e) detailed records of systems and equipment
serviceability are kept and periodically reviewed.
Note.— In the context above, the terms reliability
and availability have the following meanings:
1) Reliability. The probability that a device or system
will function without failure over a specified time
period or amount of usage; and
2) Availability. The ratio of percentage of the time
that a system is operating correctly to the total
time in that period.
Licensing and training issues to ensure that:
a) controllers are adequately trained and properly
licensed with valid ratings;
b) controller competency is maintained by adequate and
appropriate refresher training, including the handling
of aircraft emergencies and operations under
conditions with failed and degraded facilities and
systems;
c) controllers, where the ATC unit/control sector is
staffed by teams, are provided relevant and adequate
training in order to ensure efficient teamwork;
d) the implementation of new or amended procedures,
and new or updated communications, surveillance and
other safety significant systems and equipment is
preceded by appropriate training and instruction;
e) controller competency in the English language is
satisfactory in relation to providing ATS to international
air traffic; and
f) standard phraseology is used.
2.6 SAFETY ASSESSMENTS
2.6.1 Need for safety assessments
2.6.1.1 A safety assessment shall be carried out in
respect of proposals for significant airspace reorganizations,
for significant changes in the provision of ATS procedures
applicable to an airspace or an aerodrome, and for the
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