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SSR response (or the centre, when authorized by the
appropriate ATS authority) is never less than a prescribed
minimum.
8.7.3.5 Radar separation based on the use of SSR
responses shall be applied so that the distance between the
closest edges of the SSR responses (or the centres, when
authorized by the appropriate authority) is never less than a
prescribed minimum.
8.7.3.6 In no circumstances shall the edges of the radar
position indications touch or overlap unless vertical separation
is applied between the aircraft concerned, irrespective of the
type of radar position indication displayed and radar
separation minimum applied.
8.7.3.7 In the event that the radar controller has been
notified of a controlled flight entering or about to enter the
airspace within which radar separation is applied, but has not
radar identified the aircraft, the controller may, if so prescribed
by the appropriate ATS authority, continue to provide radar
service to identified aircraft provided that:
a) reasonable assurance exists that the unidentified
controlled flight will be identified using SSR or the
flight is being operated by an aircraft of a type which
may be expected to give an adequate return on primary
radar in the airspace within which radar separation is
applied; and
b) radar separation is maintained between the radarcontrolled
flights and any other observed radar
Chapter 8. Radar Services 8-11
1/11/01
position until either the unidentified controlled flight
has been identified or non-radar separation has been
established.
8.7.3.8 Radar separation may be applied between an
aircraft taking off and a preceding departing aircraft or other
radar-controlled traffic provided there is reasonable assurance
that the departing aircraft will be identified within 2 km
(1 NM) from the end of the runway, and that, at the time, the
required separation will exist.
8.7.3.9 Radar separation shall not be applied between
aircraft holding over the same holding point. Application of
radar separation between holding aircraft and other flights
shall be subject to requirements and procedures prescribed by
the appropriate ATS authority.
8.7.4 Radar separation minima
8.7.4.1 Unless otherwise prescribed in accordance with
8.7.4.2, 8.7.4.3 or 8.7.4.4, or Chapter 6 with respect to
independent and dependent parallel approaches, the horizontal
radar separation minimum shall be 9.3 km (5.0 NM).
8.7.4.2 The radar separation minimum in 8.7.4.1 may, if
so prescribed by the appropriate ATS authority, be reduced,
but not below:
a) 5.6 km (3.0 NM) when radar capabilities at a given
location so permit; and
b) 4.6 km (2.5 NM) between succeeding aircraft which
are established on the same final approach track
within 18.5 km (10 NM) of the runway end. A
reduced separation minimum of 4.6 km (2.5 NM) may
be applied, provided:
i) the average runway occupancy time of landing
aircraft is proven, by means such as data
collection and statistical analysis and methods
based on a theoretical model, not to exceed
50 seconds;
ii) braking action is reported as good and runway
occupancy times are not adversely affected by
runway contaminants such as slush, snow or ice;
iii) a radar system with appropriate azimuth and
range resolution and an update rate of 5 seconds
or less is used in combination with suitable radar
displays; and
iv) the aerodrome controller is able to observe,
visually or by means of surface movement radar
(SMR) or a surface movement guidance and
control system (SMCGS), the runway-in-use
and associated exit and entry taxiways;
v) wake turbulence radar separation minima in
8.7.4.4, or as may be prescribed by the appropriate
ATS authority (e.g. for specific aircraft
types), do not apply;
vi) aircraft approach speeds are closely monitored
by the controller and when necessary adjusted so
as to ensure that separation is not reduced below
the minimum;
vii) aircraft operators and pilots have been made
fully aware of the need to exit the runway in an
expeditious manner whenever the reduced
separation minimum on final approach is
applied; and
viii) procedures concerning the application of the
reduced minimum are published in AIPs.
8.7.4.3 The radar separation minimum or minima to be
applied shall be prescribed by the appropriate ATS authority
according to the capability of the particular radar system or
sensor to accurately identify the aircraft position in relation to
the centre of an RPS, PSR blip or SSR response and taking
into account factors which may affect the accuracy of the
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