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navigation equipment failure or deterioration below the navigation
performance requirements, ATC shall then, as required,
apply alternative separation methods or minima.
5.4.1.2 LATERAL SEPARATION CRITERIA AND MINIMA
5.4.1.2.1 Means by which lateral separation may be
applied include the following:
5.4.1.2.1.1 By reference to the same or different
geographic locations. By position reports which positively
indicate the aircraft are over different geographic locations as
determined visually or by reference to a navigation aid (see
Figure 5-1).
5.4.1.2.1.2 By use of the same navigation aid or method.
By requiring aircraft to fly on specified tracks which are
separated by a minimum amount appropriate to the navigation
aid or method employed. Lateral separation between two
aircraft exists when:
a) VOR: both aircraft are established on radials diverging
by at least 15 degrees and at least one aircraft is at a
distance of 28 km (15 NM) or more from the facility
(see Figure 5-2);
b) NDB: both aircraft are established on tracks to or from
the NDB which are diverging by at least 30 degrees
and at least one aircraft at a distance of 28 km (15 NM)
or more from the facility (see Figure 5-3);
c) dead reckoning (DR): both aircraft are established on
tracks diverging by at least 45 degrees and at least one
aircraft is at a distance of 28 km (15 NM) or more
from the point of intersection of the tracks, this point
being determined either visually or by reference to a
navigation aid and both aircraft are established
outbound from the intersection (see Figure 5-4); or
d) RNAV operations: both aircraft are established on
tracks which diverge by at least 15 degrees and the
protected airspace associated with the track of one
aircraft does not overlap with the protected airspace
associated with the track of the other aircraft. This is
determined by applying the angular difference between
two tracks and the appropriate protected airspace
value. The derived value is expressed as a distance
from the intersection of the two tracks at which lateral
separation exists.
5-4 Air Traffic Management (PANS-ATM)
1/11/01
Figure 5-1. Using same or different geographic locations (see 5.4.1.2.1.1)
Figure 5-2. Separation using the same VOR (see 5.4.1.2.1.2 a))
28 km (15 NM)
15°
VOR
Chapter 5. Separation Methods and Minima 5-5
1/11/01
Figure 5-3. Separation using the same NDB (see 5.4.1.2.1.2 b))
Figure 5-4. Separation using dead reckoning (see 5.4.1.2.1.2 c))
28 km (15 NM)
30°
NDB
28 km (15 NM)
45°
Fix
5-6 Air Traffic Management (PANS-ATM)
1/11/01
5.4.1.2.1.2.1 When aircraft are operating on tracks which
are separated by considerably more than the foregoing minimum
figures, States may reduce the distance at which lateral
separation is achieved.
5.4.1.2.1.3 By use of different navigation aids or methods.
Lateral separation between aircraft using different navigation
aids, or when one aircraft is using RNAV equipment,
shall be established by ensuring that the derived protected
airspaces for the navigation aid(s) or RNP do not overlap.
5.4.1.2.1.4 RNAV operations where RNP is specified on
parallel tracks or ATS routes. Within designated airspace or on
designated routes, where RNP is specified, lateral separation
between RNAV-equipped aircraft may be obtained by requiring
aircraft to be established on the centre lines of parallel tracks
or ATS routes spaced at a distance which ensures that the
protected airspace of the tracks or ATS routes does not
overlap.
Note.— The spacing between parallel tracks or between
parallel ATS route centre lines for which an RNP type is
required will be dependent upon the relevant RNP type
specified. Guidance material related to the spacing between
tracks or ATS routes based on RNP type is contained in
Annex 11, Attachment B.
5.4.1.2.1.5 Transitioning into airspace where a greater
lateral separation minimum applies. Lateral separation will
exist when aircraft are established on specified tracks which:
a) are separated by an appropriate minimum; and
b) diverge by at least 15 degrees until the applicable
lateral separation minimum is established;
providing that it is possible to ensure, by means approved by
the appropriate ATS authority, that aircraft have the navigation
capability necessary to ensure accurate track guidance.
5.4.2 Longitudinal separation
5.4.2.1 LONGITUDINAL SEPARATION APPLICATION
5.4.2.1.1 Longitudinal separation shall be applied so that
the spacing between the estimated positions of the aircraft
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