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FL 170
(5 200 m)
FL 160
(4 900 m)
FL 150
(4 550 m)
FL 180
(5 500 m)
5 min
or a
prescribed
distance
5 min
or a
prescribed
distance
5-24 Air Traffic Management (PANS-ATM)
1/11/01
take-off so that lateral separation is provided (see Figure 5-28).
This minimum may be reduced when aircraft are using parallel
runways or when the procedure in Chapter 6, 6.3.3.1, is
adopted for operations on diverging runways which do not
cross, provided instructions covering the procedure have been
approved by the appropriate ATS authority and lateral
separation is effected immediately after take-off.
Note 1.— Wake turbulence categories of aircraft are
contained in Chapter 4, Section 4.9.1 and longitudinal
separation minima are contained in Section 5.9 and in
Chapter 8, Section 8.7.
Note 2.— Detailed characteristics of wake vortices and
their effect on aircraft are contained in the Air Traffic Services
Planning Manual (Doc 9426), Part II, Section 5.
5.6.2 Two minutes are required between take-offs when
the preceding aircraft is 74 km/h (40 kt) or more faster than the
following aircraft and both aircraft will follow the same track
(see Figure 5-29).
Note.— See Chapter 4, Section 4.6, concerning speed
control instructions. Calculations, based on TAS, of speed
differentials of aircraft during climb may not be sufficiently
accurate in all circumstances for determining if the procedure
in 5.6.2 can be applied, in which case calculations based on
IAS may be more suitable.
5.6.3 Five-minute separation is required while vertical
separation does not exist if a departing aircraft will be flown
through the level of a preceding departing aircraft and both
aircraft propose to follow the same track (see Figure 5-30).
Action must be taken to ensure that the five-minute separation
will be maintained or increased while vertical separation does
not exist.
5.7 SEPARATION OF DEPARTING AIRCRAFT
FROM ARRIVING AIRCRAFT
5.7.1 Except as otherwise prescribed by the appropriate
ATS authority, the following separation shall be applied when
take-off clearance is based on the position of an arriving
aircraft:
5.7.1.1 If an arriving aircraft is making a complete
instrument approach, a departing aircraft may take off:
a) in any direction until an arriving aircraft has started its
procedure turn or base turn leading to final approach;
b) in a direction which is different by at least 45 degrees
from the reciprocal of the direction of approach after
the arriving aircraft has started procedure turn or base
turn leading to final approach, provided that the takeoff
will be made at least 3 minutes before the arriving
aircraft is estimated to be over the beginning of the
instrument runway (see Figure 5-31).
5.7.1.2 If an arriving aircraft is making a straight-in
approach, a departing aircraft may take off:
a) in any direction until 5 minutes before the arriving
aircraft is estimated to be over the instrument runway;
Figure 5-28. One-minute separation between
departing aircraft following tracks diverging
by at least 45 degrees (see 5.6.1)
Figure 5-29. Two-minute separation between
aircraft following same track
(see 5.6.2)
1 min
45° 2 min
74 km/h (40 kt)
or more faster
Chapter 5. Separation Methods and Minima 5-25
1/11/01
Figure 5-30. Five-minute separation of departing aircraft following
the same track (see 5.6.3)
Figure 5-31. Separation of departing aircraft from arriving aircraft
(see 5.7.1.1 b) and 5.7.1.2 b))
FL 70 (2 150 m)
FL 60 (1 850 m)
FL 80 (2 450 m)
5 min
A Straight-in approach
B Start of procedure turn
Take-offs permitted in this area up to three
minutes before estimated arrival of aircraft
A or B or, in the case of A, until it crosses
a designated fix on the approach track.
No take-offs in this area after procedure turn is
started nor within the last five minutes of a
straight-in approach.
45°
45°
5-26 Air Traffic Management (PANS-ATM)
1/11/01
b) in a direction which is different by at least 45 degrees
from the reciprocal of the direction of approach of the
arriving aircraft:
1) until 3 minutes before the arriving aircraft is estimated
to be over the beginning of the instrument
runway (see Figure 5-31), or
2) before the arriving aircraft crosses a designated fix
on the approach track; the location of such fix to
be determined by the appropriate ATS authority
after consultation with the operators.
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