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when it has vacated the runway. The report shall be made
when the aircraft is well clear of the runway.
7.5.3.1.3 USE OF RUNWAY-HOLDING POSITIONS
7.5.3.1.3.1 Except as provided in 7.5.3.1.3.2 or as
prescribed by the appropriate ATS authority, aircraft shall not
be held closer to a runway-in-use than at a runway-holding
position.
Note.— Runway-holding position locations in relation to
runways are specified in Annex 14, Volume I, Chapter 5.
7.5.3.1.3.2 Aircraft shall not be permitted to line up and
hold on the approach end of a runway-in-use whenever another
aircraft is effecting a landing, until the landing aircraft has
passed the point of intended holding.
Note.— See Figure 7-2.
Figure 7-2. Method of holding aircraft (see 7.5.3.1.3.2)
Chapter 7. Procedures for Aerodrome Control Service 7-7
1/11/01
7.5.3.1.4 HELICOPTER TAXIING OPERATIONS
7.5.3.1.4.1 When necessary for a wheeled helicopter or
vertical take-off and landing (VTOL) aircraft to taxi on the
surface, the following provisions are applicable.
Note.— Ground taxiing uses less fuel than air-taxiing and
minimizes air turbulence. However, under certain conditions,
such as rough, soft or uneven terrain, it may become necessary
to air-taxi for safety considerations. Helicopters with
articulating rotors (usually designs with three or more main
rotor blades) are subject to “ground resonance” and may, on
rare occasions, suddenly lift off the ground to avoid severe
damage or destruction.
7.5.3.1.4.2 When it is requested or necessary for a
helicopter to proceed at a slow speed above the surface,
normally below 37 km/h (20 kt) and in ground effect, airtaxiing
may be authorized.
Note.— Air-taxiing consumes fuel at a high burn rate, and
helicopter downwash turbulence (produced in ground effect)
increases significantly with larger and heavier helicopters.
7.5.3.1.4.3 Instructions which require small aircraft or
helicopters to taxi in close proximity to taxiing helicopters
should be avoided and consideration should be given to the
effect of turbulence from taxiing helicopters on arriving and
departing light aircraft.
7.5.3.1.4.4 A frequency change should not be issued to
single-pilot helicopters hovering or air-taxiing. Whenever
possible, control instructions from the next ATS unit should be
relayed as necessary until the pilot is able to change frequency.
Note.— Most light helicopters are flown by one pilot and
require the constant use of both hands and feet to maintain
control during low-altitude/low-level flight. Although flight
control friction devices assist the pilot, changing frequency
near the ground could result in inadvertent ground contact and
consequent loss of control.
7.5.3.2 CONTROL OF OTHER THAN AIRCRAFT TRAFFIC
7.5.3.2.1 ENTRY TO THE MANOEUVRING AREA
The movement of pedestrians or vehicles on the manoeuvring
area shall be subject to authorization by the aerodrome control
tower. Persons, including drivers of all vehicles, shall be
required to obtain authorization from the aerodrome control
tower before entry to the manoeuvring area. Notwithstanding
such an authorization, entry to a runway or runway strip or
change in the operation authorized shall be subject to a further
specific authorization by the aerodrome control tower.
7.5.3.2.2 PRIORITY ON THE MANOEUVRING AREA
7.5.3.2.2.1 All vehicles and pedestrians shall give way to
aircraft which are landing, taxiing or taking off, except that
emergency vehicles proceeding to the assistance of an aircraft
in distress shall be afforded priority over all other surface
movement traffic. In the latter case, all movement of surface
traffic should, to the extent practicable, be halted until it is
determined that the progress of the emergency vehicles will
not be impeded.
7.5.3.2.2.2 When an aircraft is landing or taking off,
vehicles shall not be permitted to hold closer to the runway-inuse
than:
a) at a taxiway/runway intersection — at a runwayholding
position; and
b) at a location other than a taxiway/runway intersection
— at a distance equal to the separation distance of the
runway-holding position.
7.5.3.2.3 COMMUNICATION REQUIREMENTS
7.5.3.2.3 AND VISUAL SIGNALS
7.5.3.2.3.1 At controlled aerodromes all vehicles
employed on the manoeuvring area shall capable of maintaining
two-way radiocommunication with the aerodrome control
tower, except when the vehicle is only occasionally used on
the manoeuvring area and is:
a) accompanied by a vehicle with the required communications
capability, or
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