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assessment.
Note.— The communication criteria which are used as a
basis for the derivation of the separation minima in this
section are set out in Appendix 5 of the Manual on Airspace
Planning Methodology for the Determination of Separation
Minima (Doc 9689). Guidance material for CPDLC is
contained in the Manual of Air Traffic Services Data Link
Applications (Doc 9694).
5.4.2.6.2.2.1 Prior to and during the application of a
distance-based separation minimum, the controller should
determine the adequacy of the available communication link,
considering the time element required to receive replies from
two or more aircraft, and the overall workload/traffic volume
associated with the application of such minima.
5.4.2.6.2.3 When aircraft are at, or are expected to reduce
to, the minimum separation applicable, speed control techniques,
including assigning Mach number, shall be applied to
ensure that the minimum distance exists throughout the period
of application of the minima.
5.4.2.6.3 The following separation minimum may be
applied:
Aircraft at the same cruising level or
climbing or descending on the same track
Separation
minimum
RNP
type
Communication
requirement
Surveillance
requirement
Distance
verification
requirements
93 km
(50NM)
10 Direct
controller-pilot
communications
Procedural
position
reports
At least every
30 minutes
Figure 5-26. 150 km (80 NM) RNAV-based separation between aircraft
on reciprocal tracks (see 5.4.2.5.7)
150 km
Waypoint (80NM) Waypoint
Chapter 5. Separation Methods and Minima 5-23
1/11/01
Note 1.— Where a considerable change of level is involved
using distance-based separation, a descending aircraft may be
cleared to some convenient level above the lower aircraft, or
a climbing aircraft to some convenient level below the higher
aircraft (e.g. 1 200 m (4 000 ft) or less) to permit a further
check on the separation that will be maintained while vertical
separation does not exist.
Note 2. — It should be noted that the separation minimum
depicted above is based on safety assessments performed
specifically for a particular network of tracks or routes. As
such, the assessments evaluated traffic characteristics which
might be unique to the network being assessed.
Note 3.— The separation minimum above was developed in
accordance with a collision risk analysis which dictates
conditions under which this separation can be applied.
Note 4.— Detailed information on the analysis used to
determine the separation minimum and on performing safety
assessments is contained in the Manual on Airspace Planning
Methodology for the Determination of Separation Minima
(Doc 9689).
5.4.2.6.3.1 During the application of the 93 km (50 NM)
separation, when an aircraft fails to report its position, the
controller shall take action within 3 minutes to establish communication.
If communication has not been established within
8 minutes of the time the report should have been received, the
controller shall take action to apply an alternative form of
separation.
5.4.2.6.3.2 Where automated position reporting applies, a
common time reference shall be used.
5.4.2.6.4 Aircraft on reciprocal tracks. Aircraft may be
cleared to climb or descend to or through the levels occupied
by the other provided that it has been positively established
that the aircraft have passed each other and the distance
between them is equal to at least the applicable separation
minimum.
5.5 SEPARATION OF AIRCRAFT HOLDING
IN FLIGHT
5.5.1 Aircraft established in adjacent holding patterns
shall, except when lateral separation between the holding areas
exists as determined by the appropriate ATS authority, be
separated by the applicable vertical separation minimum.
5.5.2 Except when lateral separation exists, vertical
separation shall be applied between aircraft holding in flight
and other aircraft, whether arriving, departing or en route,
whenever the other aircraft concerned are within five minutes
flying time of the holding area or within a distance prescribed
by the appropriate authority. (See Figure 5-27.)
5.6 MINIMUM SEPARATION BETWEEN
DEPARTING AIRCRAFT
Note.— The following provisions are complementary to the
longitudinal separation minima specified in Section 5.4.2.
5.6.1 One-minute separation is required if aircraft are to
fly on tracks diverging by at least 45 degrees immediately after
Figure 5-27. Separation between holding aircraft and en route aircraft (see 5.5.2)
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