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being separated is never less than a prescribed minimum.
Longitudinal separation between aircraft following the same or
diverging tracks may be maintained by application of speed
control, including the Mach number technique. When
applicable, use of the Mach number technique shall be prescribed
on the basis of a regional air navigation agreement.
Note.— Attention is drawn to the guidance material
contained in the Air Traffic Services Planning Manual
(Doc 9426) regarding the application of the Mach number
technique to separation of subsonic aircraft.
5.4.2.1.2 In applying a time- or distance-based
longitudinal separation minimum between aircraft following
the same track, care shall be exercised to ensure that the separation
minimum will not be infringed whenever the following
aircraft is maintaining a higher air speed than the preceding
aircraft. When aircraft are expected to reach minimum separation,
speed control shall be applied to ensure that the required
separation minimum is maintained.
5.4.2.1.3 Longitudinal separation may be established by
requiring aircraft to depart at a specified time, to arrive over a
geographical location at a specified time, or to hold over a
geographical location until a specified time.
5.4.2.1.4 Longitudinal separation between supersonic
aircraft during the transonic acceleration and supersonic
phases of flight should normally be established by appropriate
timing of the start of transonic acceleration rather than by the
imposition of speed restrictions in supersonic flight.
5.4.2.1.5 For the purpose of application of longitudinal
separation, the terms same track, reciprocal tracks and
crossing tracks shall have the following meanings:
a) Same track (see Figure 5-5):
same direction tracks and intersecting tracks or
portions thereof, the angular difference of which is less
than 45 degrees or more than 315 degrees, and whose
protected airspaces overlap.
b) Reciprocal tracks (see Figure 5-6):
opposite tracks and intersecting tracks or portions
thereof, the angular difference of which is more than
135 degrees but less than 225 degrees, and whose
protected airspaces overlap.
c) Crossing tracks (see Figure 5-7):
intersecting tracks or portions thereof other than those
specified in a) and b) above.
Chapter 5. Separation Methods and Minima 5-7
1/11/01
Figure 5-5. Aircraft on same track (see 5.4.2.1.5 a))
Figure 5-6. Aircraft on reciprocal tracks (see 5.4.2.1.5 b))
Less
than 45°
or
more
than 315°
45°
315°
135°
225°
More
than 135°
and
less
than 225°
5-8 Air Traffic Management (PANS-ATM)
1/11/01
5.4.2.2 LONGITUDINAL SEPARATION MINIMA
BASED ON TIME
5.4.2.2.1 AIRCRAFT MAINTAINING THE SAME LEVEL
5.4.2.2.1.1 Aircraft flying on the same track:
a) 15 minutes (see Figure 5-8); or
b) 10 minutes, if navigation aids permit frequent
determination of position and speed (see Figure 5-9);
or
c) 5 minutes in the following cases, provided that in each
case the preceding aircraft is maintaining a true
airspeed of 37 km/h (20 kt) or more faster than the
succeeding aircraft (see Figure 5-10):
1) between aircraft that have departed from the same
aerodrome;
2) between en-route aircraft that have reported over
the same exact significant point;
3) between departing and en-route aircraft after the
en-route aircraft has reported over a fix that is so
located in relation to the departure point as to
ensure that five-minute separation can be
established at the point the departing aircraft will
join the air route; or
d) 3 minutes in the cases listed under c) provided that in
each case the preceding aircraft is maintaining a true
airspeed of 74 km/h (40 kt) or more faster than the
succeeding aircraft (see Figure 5-11).
5.4.2.2.1.2 Aircraft flying on crossing tracks:
a) 15 minutes at the point of intersection of the tracks
(see Figure 5-12); or
b) 10 minutes if navigation aids permit frequent
determination of position and speed (see Figure 5-13).
5.4.2.2.2 AIRCRAFT CLIMBING OR DESCENDING
5.4.2.2.2.1 Aircraft on the same track. When an aircraft
will pass through the level of another aircraft on the same
track, the following minimum longitudinal separation shall be
provided:
Figure 5-7. Aircraft on crossing tracks (see 5.4.2.1.5 c))
135° 45°
45° to 135°
225° 315°
225° to 315°
Chapter 5. Separation Methods and Minima 5-9
1/11/01
Figure 5-8. Fifteen-minute separation between aircraft
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