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from this order of priority to facilitate the maximum number
of departures with the least average delay. Factors which
should be considered in relation to the departure sequence
include, inter alia:
a) types of aircraft and their relative performance;
b) routes to be followed after take-off;
c) any specified minimum departure interval between
take-offs;
d) need to apply wake turbulence separation minima;
e) aircraft which should be afforded priority; and
f) aircraft subject to ATFM requirements.
Note 1.— See also Chapter 6, 6.3.3.
Note 2.— For aircraft subject to ATFM requirements, it is
the responsibility of the pilot and the operator to ensure that
the aircraft is ready to taxi in time to meet any required
departure time, bearing in mind that once a departure
sequence is established on the taxiway system, it can be
difficult, and sometimes impossible, to change the order.
7.8.2 Separation of departing aircraft
Except as provided in 7.8.3 and Chapter 5, Section 5.8, a
departing aircraft will not normally be permitted to commence
take-off until the preceding departing aircraft has crossed the
end of the runway-in-use or has started a turn or until all
preceding landing aircraft are clear of the runway-in-use.
Note 1.— See Figure 7-3.
Note 2.— Wake turbulence categories and longitudinal
separation minima are contained in Chapter 4, Section 4.9 and
Chapter 5, Section 5.8, respectively. Wake turbulence radar
separation minima are contained in Chapter 8, Section 8.7.
7.8.3 Reduction of separation minima
Provided an appropriate safety assessment has shown that an
acceptable level of safety will be met, lower minima than those
Figure 7-3. Separation between departing and arriving aircraft (see 7.8.2 and 7.9.1)
C
B
A
Runway-in-use
Position limits to be reached by a landed aircraft (A) or a departing aircraft (B or C) before an arriving aircraft may
be cleared to cross the threshold of the runway-in-use or a departing aircraft may be cleared to take off, unless
otherwise prescribed by the appropriate ATS authority in accordance with 7.8.2 and 7.9. 1.
7-10 Air Traffic Management (PANS-ATM)
1/11/01
in 7.8.2 may be prescribed by the appropriate ATS authority,
after consultation with the operators, and taking into account
such factors as:
a) runway length;
b) aerodrome layout; and
c) types of aircraft involved.
Such lower minima shall not apply:
1) between a departing aircraft and a preceding
landing aircraft;
2) between sunset and sunrise, or such other period
between sunset and sunrise as may be prescribed;
3) when braking action may be adversely affected by
runway contaminants (e.g. slush, water, etc.); and
4) in weather conditions preventing the pilot from
making an early assessment of traffic conditions on
the runway.
Note.— See the Air Traffic Services Planning Manual
(Doc 9426) for details of such lower minima developed by one
State.
7.8.4 Take-off clearance
7.8.4.1 Take-off clearance may be issued to an aircraft
when there is reasonable assurance that the separation in 7.8.2,
or prescribed in accordance with 7.8.3, will exist when the
aircraft commences take-off.
7.8.4.2 When an ATC clearance is required prior to takeoff,
the take-off clearance shall not be issued until the ATC
clearance has been transmitted to and acknowledged by the
aircraft concerned. The ATC clearance shall be forwarded to
the aerodrome control tower with the least possible delay after
receipt of a request made by the tower or prior to such request
if practicable.
7.8.4.3 Subject to 7.8.4.2, the take-off clearance shall be
issued when the aircraft is ready for take-off and at or
approaching the departure runway, and the traffic situation
permits. To reduce the potential for misunderstanding, the
take-off clearance shall include the designator of the departure
runway.
7.8.4.4 In the interest of expediting traffic, a clearance
for immediate take-off may be issued to an aircraft before it
enters the runway. On acceptance of such clearance the aircraft
shall taxi out to the runway and take off in one continuous
movement.
7.9 CONTROL OF ARRIVING AIRCRAFT
7.9.1 Separation of landing aircraft and
preceding landing and departing aircraft
using the same runway
Except as provided in 7.9.2 and Chapter 5, Section 5.8, a
landing aircraft will not normally be permitted to cross the
runway threshold on its final approach until the preceding
departing aircraft has crossed the end of the runway-in-use, or
has started a turn, or until all preceding landing aircraft are
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