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limited to specified areas of radar coverage and shall be
subject to such other limitations as have been specified by the
appropriate ATS authority. Adequate information on the
operating methods used shall be published in aeronautical
information publications, as well as operating practices and/or
equipment limitations having direct effects on the operation of
the air traffic services.
Note.— States will provide information on the area or
areas where PSR and SSR are in use as well as radar
services and procedures in accordance with Annex 15, 4.1.1
and Appendix 1.
8-2 Air Traffic Management (PANS-ATM)
1/11/01
8.1.11 Where PSR and SSR are required to be used in
combination, SSR alone may be used in the event of PSR
failure to provide separation between identified transponderequipped
aircraft, provided the accuracy of the SSR position
indications has been verified by monitor equipment or other
means.
8.2 PRESENTATION OF RADAR
INFORMATION
8.2.1 Radar-derived information available for display to
the controller shall, as a minimum, include radar position
indications, radar map information and, when available,
information from SSR Mode A, Mode C and Mode S.
8.2.2 The radar system shall provide for a continuously
updated presentation of radar-derived information, including
radar position indications.
8.2.3 Radar position indications may be displayed as:
a) radar position symbols (RPS), including:
i) PSR symbols;
ii) SSR symbols; and
iii) combined PSR/SSR symbols;
b) PSR blips;
c) SSR responses.
8.2.4 When applicable, distinct symbols should be used
for presentation of:
a) unintentionally duplicated SSR codes;
b) predicted positions for a non-updated track; and
c) plot and track data.
8.2.5 Reserved SSR codes, including 7500, 7600 and
7700, operation of IDENT, safety-related alerts and warnings
as well as information related to automated coordination shall
be presented in a clear and distinct manner, providing for ease
of recognition.
8.2.6 Radar labels should be used to provide, in
alphanumeric form, SSR-derived as well as other information
which may be available.
8.2.7 Radar label information shall as a minimum
include the SSR code transmitted by an aircraft or, when
code/call sign conversion is effected, aircraft identification,
and SSR Mode C-derived level information. All label information
shall be presented in a clear and concise manner.
8.2.8 Radar labels shall be associated with their radar
position indications in a manner precluding erroneous
identification by or confusion on the part of the controller.
8.3 COMMUNICATIONS
8.3.1 The level of reliability and availability of
communications systems shall be such that the possibility of
system failures or significant degradations is very remote.
Adequate backup facilities shall be provided.
Note.— Guidance material and information pertaining to
system reliability and availability are contained in Annex 10,
Volume I and the Air Traffic Services Planning Manual
(Doc 9426).
8.3.2 Direct pilot-controller communications shall be
established prior to the provision of radar services, unless
special circumstances such as emergencies dictate otherwise.
8.4 PROVISION OF RADAR SERVICES
8.4.1 Where suitable radar systems and communication
systems are available, radar-derived information, including
safety-related alerts and warnings such as conflict alert and
minimum safe altitude warning, should be used to the extent
possible in the provision of air traffic control service in order
to improve capacity and efficiency as well as to enhance
safety.
8.4.2 The number of aircraft simultaneously provided
with radar services shall not exceed that which can safely be
handled under the prevailing circumstances, taking into
account:
a) the structural complexity of the control area or sector
concerned;
b) the radar functions to be performed within the control
area or sector concerned;
c) assessments of controller workloads and sector
capacity;
Chapter 8. Radar Services 8-3
1/11/01
d) the degree of technical reliability and availability of
the main radar and communication systems;
e) the possibility of a radar equipment failure or other
emergency that would eventually require reverting to
back-up facilities and/or non-radar separation; and
f) the degree of technical reliability and availability of
the back-up radar and communication systems.
8.5 USE OF SSR TRANSPONDERS
8.5.1 To ensure the safe and efficient use of SSR, pilots
and controllers shall strictly adhere to published operating
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