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of aerodrome control service are contained in Chapter 7 and
procedures and separation minima applicable to the use of
radar are contained in Chapter 8.
5.2 GENERAL PROVISIONS FOR THE
SEPARATION OF CONTROLLED TRAFFIC
5.2.1 Vertical or horizontal separation shall be provided:
a) between all flights in Class A and B airspaces;
b) between IFR flights in Class C, D and E airspaces;
c) between IFR flights and VFR flights in Class C
airspace;
d) between IFR flights and special VFR flights; and
e) between special VFR flights, when so prescribed by
the appropriate ATS authority;
except, for the cases under b) above in airspace Classes D and
E, during the hours of daylight when flights have been cleared
to climb or descend subject to maintaining own separation and
remaining in visual meteorological conditions. Conditions
applicable to the use of this procedure are contained in
Section 5.9.
5.2.1.1 No clearance shall be given to execute any
manoeuvre that would reduce the spacing between two aircraft
to less than the separation minimum applicable in the
circumstances.
5.2.1.2 Larger separations than the specified minima
should be applied whenever exceptional circumstances such as
unlawful interference or navigational difficulties call for extra
precautions. This should be done with due regard to all
relevant factors so as to avoid impeding the flow of air traffic
by the application of excessive separations.
Note — Unlawful interference with an aircraft constitutes
a case of exceptional circumstances which might require the
application of separations larger than the specified minima,
between the aircraft being subjected to unlawful interference
and other aircraft.
5.2.1.3 Where the type of separation or minimum used to
separate two aircraft cannot be maintained, another type of
separation or another minimum shall be established prior to
the time when the current separation minimum would be
infringed.
5.2.2 Degraded aircraft performance
Whenever, as a result of failure or degradation of navigation,
communications, altimetry, flight control or other systems,
aircraft performance is degraded below the level required for
the airspace in which it is operating, the flight crew shall
advise the ATC unit concerned without delay. Where the
failure or degradation affects the separation minimum
currently being employed, the controller shall take action to
establish another appropriate type of separation or separation
minimum.
5.3 VERTICAL SEPARATION
5.3.1 Vertical separation application
Vertical separation is obtained by requiring aircraft using
prescribed altimeter setting procedures to operate at different
levels expressed in terms of flight levels or altitudes in
accordance with the provisions in Chapter 4, Section 4.10.
5.3.2 Vertical separation minimum
The vertical separation minimum (VSM) shall be:
5-2 Air Traffic Management (PANS-ATM)
1/11/01
a) a nominal 300 m (1 000 ft) below FL 290 and a
nominal 600 m (2 000 ft) at or above this level, except
as provided for in b) below; and
b) within designated airspace, subject to a regional air
navigation agreement: a nominal 300 m (1 000 ft)
below FL 410 or a higher level where so prescribed for
use under specified conditions, and a nominal 600 m
(2 000 ft) at or above this level.
Note.— Guidance material relating to vertical separation
is contained in the Manual on Implementation of a 300 m
(1 000 ft) Vertical Separation Minimum Between FL 290 and
FL 410 Inclusive (Doc 9574).
5.3.3 Assignment of cruising levels for
controlled flights
5.3.3.1 Except when traffic conditions and coordination
procedures permit authorization of cruise climb, an ATC unit
shall normally authorize only one level for an aircraft beyond
its control area, i.e. that level at which the aircraft will enter
the next control area whether contiguous or not. It is the
responsibility of the accepting ATC unit to issue clearance for
further climb as appropriate. When relevant, aircraft will be
advised to request en route any cruising level changes desired.
5.3.3.2 Aircraft authorized to employ cruise climb techniques
shall be cleared to operate between two levels or above
a level.
5.3.3.3 If it is necessary to change the cruising level of an
aircraft operating along an established ATS route extending
partly within and partly outside controlled airspace and where
the respective series of cruising levels are not identical, the
change shall, whenever possible, be effected within controlled
airspace.
5.3.3.4 When an aircraft has been cleared into a control
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