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5.8 NON-RADAR WAKE TURBULENCE
LONGITUDINAL SEPARATION
MINIMA
5.8.1 Applicability
5.8.1.1 The ATC unit concerned shall not be required to
apply wake turbulence separation:
a) for arriving VFR flights landing on the same runway as
a preceding landing HEAVY or MEDIUM aircraft; and
b) between arriving IFR flights executing visual approach
when the aircraft has reported the preceding aircraft in
sight and has been instructed to follow and maintain
own separation from that aircraft.
5.8.1.2 The ATC unit shall, in respect of the flights
specified in 5.8.1.1 a) and b), as well as when otherwise
deemed necessary, issue a caution of possible wake turbulence.
The pilot-in-command of the aircraft concerned shall be
responsible for ensuring that the spacing from a preceding
aircraft of a heavier wake turbulence category is acceptable. If
it is determined that additional spacing is required, the flight
crew shall inform the ATC unit accordingly, stating their
requirements.
5.8.2 Arriving aircraft
5.8.2.1 Except as provided for in 5.8.1.1 a) and b), the
following non-radar separation minima shall be applied:
5.8.2.1.1 The following minima shall be applied to
aircraft landing behind a HEAVY or a MEDIUM aircraft:
a) MEDIUM aircraft behind HEAVY aircraft —
2 minutes;
b) LIGHT aircraft behind a HEAVY or MEDIUM aircraft
— 3 minutes.
5.8.3 Departing aircraft
5.8.3.1 A minimum separation of 2 minutes shall be
applied between a LIGHT or MEDIUM aircraft taking off
behind a HEAVY aircraft or a LIGHT aircraft taking off
behind a MEDIUM aircraft when the aircraft are using:
a) the same runway;
b) parallel runways separated by less than 760 m
(2 500 ft);
c) crossing runways if the projected flight path of the
second aircraft will cross the projected flight path of
the first aircraft at the same altitude or less than 300 m
(1 000 ft) below;
d) parallel runways separated by 760 m (2 500 ft) or
more, if the projected flight path of the second aircraft
will cross the projected flight path of the first aircraft
at the same altitude or less than 300 m (1 000 ft)
below.
Note.— See Figures 5-32 and 5-33.
5.8.3.2 A separation minimum of 3 minutes shall be
applied between a LIGHT or MEDIUM aircraft when taking
off behind a HEAVY aircraft or a LIGHT aircraft when taking
off behind a MEDIUM aircraft from:
a) an intermediate part of the same runway; or
b) an intermediate part of a parallel runway separated by
less than 760 m (2 500 ft).
Note.— See Figure 5-34.
5.8.4 Displaced landing threshold
A separation minimum of 2 minutes shall be applied between
a LIGHT or MEDIUM aircraft and a HEAVY aircraft and
between a LIGHT aircraft and a MEDIUM aircraft when
operating on a runway with a displaced landing threshold
when:
a) a departing LIGHT or MEDIUM aircraft follows a
HEAVY aircraft arrival and a departing LIGHT aircraft
follows a MEDIUM aircraft arrival; or
Chapter 5. Separation Methods and Minima 5-27
1/11/01
Figure 5-32. Two-minute separation for following aircraft
(see 5.8.3.1 a) and b))
Figure 5-33. Two-minute wake turbulence separation for crossing aircraft
(see 5.8.3.1 c) and d))
Wind
less than 760 m
2 minutes
2 minutes
760 m or more
5-28 Air Traffic Management (PANS-ATM)
1/11/01
b) an arriving LIGHT or MEDIUM aircraft follows a
HEAVY aircraft departure and an arriving LIGHT
aircraft follows a MEDIUM aircraft departure if the
projected flight paths are expected to cross.
5.8.5 Opposite direction
A separation minimum of 2 minutes shall be applied between
a LIGHT or MEDIUM aircraft and a HEAVY aircraft and
between a LIGHT aircraft and a MEDIUM aircraft when the
heavier aircraft is making a low or missed approach and the
lighter aircraft is:
a) utilizing an opposite-direction runway for take-off; or
Note.— See Figure 5-35.
b) landing on the same runway in the opposite direction,
or on a parallel opposite-direction runway separated by
less than 760 m (2 500 ft).
Note.— See Figure 5-36.
5.9 CLEARANCES TO FLY MAINTAINING
OWN SEPARATION WHILE IN VISUAL
METEOROLOGICAL CONDITIONS
Note 1.— As indicated in this Section, the provision of
vertical or horizontal separation by an air traffic control unit
is not applicable in respect of any specified portion of a flight
cleared subject to maintaining own separation and remaining
in visual meteorological conditions. It is for the flight so
cleared to ensure, for the duration of the clearance, that it is
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