Getting to Grips with Approach-and-Landing Accidents Reducti(96)

Descent Preparation – Approach and Go-around Briefing
A thorough briefing should be performed regardless of:
.  
How familiar the destination airport and the approach may be; or, 

.  
How often the crewmembers have flown together.

The briefing should help the PF (giving the briefing) and the PNF (receiving and acknowledging the briefing) to reach and share a common mental model of the approach.
In hilly or mountainous areas, the briefing should include the following terrain-awareness-items:
.  
Descent profile and descent management;

.  
Terrain features;

.  
Energy management (i.e., deceleration and configuration management); and,

.  
Other approach hazards (e.g., black hole).

The flight management system (FMS) operational pages and the ND should be used to guide and illustrate the briefing, and to confirm the various data entries.
An expanded review of the terrain-awareness-items to be included in the approach briefing – as practical and appropriate for the conditions of the flight – is provided hereafter.
ATIS:
Review and discuss the following items:
.  
Runway in use (type of approach);

.  
Expected arrival route ( STAR -or radar vectors);

.  
Altimeter setting (QNH or QFE, as required); and,

.  
Transition level (unless standard for the country or for the airport).

Approach Chart:
Review and discuss the following terrain-awareness-items using the approach chart and the FMS/ND (as applicable):
.  
Designated runway and approach type;

.  
Chart index number and date;

.  
Minimum Safety Altitude (MSA) - reference point, sectors and altitudes;

.  
Let-down navaid frequency and identification (confirm the correct navaid setup);

.  
Airport elevation;

.  
Approach transitions (fixes, holding pattern, altitude and speed constraints/restrictions, required navaids setup);

.  
Initial approach fix (IAF) and intermediate approach fix (IF), as applicable (positions and crossing altitudes);

.  
Final approach course (and lead-in radial);

.  
Terrain features (location and elevation of hazardous terrain or man-made obstacles);

.  
Approach profile view :

- 
Final approach fix (FAF);

- 
Final descent point (if different from FAF);

- Visual descent/decision point (VDP);
- Missed-approach point (MAP);
- Typical vertical speed at expected final approach ground speed (GS); and,
- Touchdown zone elevation (TDZE).

Terrain Awareness – When and How ?
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.  Missed approach :
- Lateral and vertical navigation; and,
- Significant terrain or obstacles.

Low OAT Operation
When operating with a low OAT, temperature corrections on the indicated altitude need to be applied to all the following published altitudes:
.  
MEA, MSA;

.  
Transition routes altitude;

.  
Procedure turn altitude (as applicable);

.  
FAF altitude;

.  
Step-down altitude(s) and MDA(H) during a non-ILS approach;

.  
OM crossing altitude during an ILS approach; and,

.  
Waypoints crossing altitudes, during a GPS approach flown with barometric vertical navigation.

In a standard atmosphere, the indicated altitude reflects the true altitude above the mean sea level (MSL) and therefore provides a reliable indication of terrain separation.
　
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