.
Crew experience with airport and airport environment:
. surrounding terrain; and/or,
. specific airport and runway hazards (obstructions, …);
.
Runway visual aids: . Type of approach lighting system; and, . Availability of a VASI or PAPI.
The following key points should be discussed during flight crew training for safe visual approaches:
.
Assessing the company exposure (i.e., operating environment);
.
Developing company prevention strategies and personal lines-of-defense.
.
Weighing the time saved against the possible risk;
.
Awareness of and accounting for weather factors;
.
Awareness of surrounding terrain and obstacles;
.
Awareness of airport environment, airport and runway hazards;
.
Use of a published visual approach chart or use of a visual circuit pattern;
.
Tuning and monitoring all available navaids;
.
Use of automation with timely reversion to hand flying;
.
Adherence to defined PF/PNF task sharing:
. PF should fly the aircraft and look outside (i.e., being head up); while,
. PNF should monitor instruments (i.e., being head down);
. Maintaining visual contact with runway and other traffic at all times;
Getting to Grips with Approach-and-Landing Accidents Reduction
.
Performing altitude and excessive-parameters-deviation callouts; and,
.
Complying with go-around policy, as for instrument approaches.
8 - Landing Techniques
8.1 - Preventing Runway Excursions and Overruns
Runway excursions and runway overruns account respectively for 8 % and 12 % of all approach-and-landing accidents.
Runway excursions and runway overruns can be categorized into six families of events, depending on their primary causal factor, as follows:
.
Events resulting from an unstabilized approach;
.
Event resulting from an incorrect flare technique;
.
Events resulting from unanticipated or more-severe-than-expected adverse weather conditions (e.g., tail wind, crosswind or wind shear);
.
Events resulting from reduced or loss of braking efficiency;
.
Events resulting from an abnormal configuration, including:
. aircraft dispatch under minimum equipment list [MEL] / dispatch deviation guide [DDG]; or,
. in-flight malfunction; and,
.
Events resulting from incorrect crew action or inadequate crew coordination, under adverse technical or weather conditions.
Company prevention strategies and individual lines-of-defense should be developed based on:
.
Strict adherence to SOPs;
.
Enhanced awareness of environmental factors;
.
Enhanced understanding of aircraft performance and handling techniques; and,
Briefing Notes Summary
Page 12
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