Getting to Grips with Approach-and-Landing Accidents Reducti(142)

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During CAT II / CAT III  ILS approaches and all shared approaches, the F/O must remain headdown to monitor flight instruments during the complete approach and landing (and go-around).
Acquisition of Visual References
Page 5

AIRBUS INDUSTRIE
    Flight Operations Support

Associated Briefing Notes
The following Briefing Notes can be reviewed to amplify and complement the above information:
.  
1.1 - Operating Philosophy - SOPs,

.  
1.2 - Optimum Use of Automation,

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1.4 - Standard Calls,

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5.3 - Visual Illusions Awareness.

Regulatory references
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ICAO – Annex 6 – Operations of Aircraft -Part I – International Commercial Air Transport – Aeroplanes, 4.2.7, 4.4.1.

.  
ICAO – Manual of All-Weather Operations (Doc 9365).

.  
FAR 91.175 – Takeoff and landing under IFR – requirement for immediate go-around in case of loss of visual references when below MDA(H) or DA(H) during a non-precision approach or a CAT I ILS approach.

.  
FAR 91.189 – Takeoff and landing under IFR – requirement for immediate go-around in case of loss of visual references when below DA(H) or RA DH during a CAT II or a CAT III ILS approach.

.  
FAR 121.567 – Instrument approach procedures and IFR landing minimum.

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AC 91-25A related to the loss of adequate visual references.

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FAA AC 120-29 and 120-28D related to autoland and CAT II / CAT III approaches.

.  
JAR-OPS 1.430, Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.430, AMC OPS 1.430(b)(4) and IEM to Appendix 1 to JAR-OPS 1.430 – Definition of required visual references for various types and categories of approaches.

                                                                                       Getting to Grips with                                            Approach-and-Landing Accidents Reduction

Other References
.  U.S. National Transportation Safety Board (NTSB) – Special Report NTSB-AAS-76-5 – Special Study: Flight Crew Coordination Procedure in Air Carrier Instrument Landing System Approach Accidents.

Acquisition of Visual References
Page 6

AIRBUS INDUSTRIE Getting to Grips with
 Flight Operations Support                Approach-and-Landing Accidents Reduction

Introduction
Accepting an ATC request for a visual approach or requesting a visual an approach should be evaluated carefully against the following decision criteria:
.  
Ceiling and visibility conditions;

.  
Darkness (or twilight);

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Weather activity: -wind, turbulence; -rain showers; and/or, -fog or smoke patches;

.  
Crew experience with airport and airport environment:

- surrounding terrain; and/or,
- specific airport and runway hazards (obstructions, …);

.  Runway visual aids:
- Type of approach lighting system; and,
- Availability of a VASI or PAPI.

This Briefing Note provides an overview and discussion of the operational factors involved in the preparation, conduct and monitoring of a visual approach.
　
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