Getting to Grips with Approach-and-Landing Accidents Reducti(8)

.  
Strict adherence to SOPs for FMS setup;

.  
Crosscheck of all data entries by both crewmembers;

.  
Use of PFD, ND and FMS CDU to support and illustrate the descent, approach and go-around briefings;

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Confirmation of FMS navigation accuracy, before defining the use of automation for the descent and approach (i.e., FMS modes or selected modes);

.  
Review of terrain awareness data and other approach hazards; and,

.  
Use of typical guidelines for descent-profile planning, monitoring and adjustment.

4.2 - Energy Management during Approach
Inability to assess or manage the aircraft energy level during the approach often is cited as a cause of unstabilized approaches.
Either a deficit of energy (being low and/or slow) or an excess of energy (being high and/or fast) may result in approach-and-landing accidents, such as:
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Loss of control;

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Landing short;

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Hard landing;

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Tail strike;

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Runway excursion; and/or,

.  
Runway overrun.

A deceleration below the final approach speed should be accepted only in the following cases:

.  
GPWS/TAWS terrain avoidance maneuver;

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Collision avoidance maneuver; and,

.  
Wind shear recovery and escape procedure.

Briefing Notes Summary
Page 6

Nevertheless, in all three cases, the thrust levers must be advanced to the maximum thrust (i.e., go-around thrust) while initiating the maneuver.

5 - Approach Hazards Awareness
5.1  - Approach Hazards Awareness - General
A company awareness program on approach-and-landing hazards should review and discuss the following factors that may contribute to approach-and-landing accidents:
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Flight crew fatigue;

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Type of approach;

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Approach charts;

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Airport information services;

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Airport air traffic control services;

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Airport equipment;

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Terrain and man-made obstacles;

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Visual illusions;

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Visibility;

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Wind conditions;

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Runway condition;

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Runway and taxiways markings;

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Low temperature operation; and,

.  
Bird-strike hazards.

Flight crews should be aware of the compounding nature of these hazards during approach and landing.
5.2 - Terrain Awareness
Terrain awareness is defined as the combined awareness and knowledge of:
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Aircraft position;

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Aircraft altitude;

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Applicable minimum safe altitude (MSA);

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Terrain location and features; and,

.  
Other hazards.

When and how to build and maintain terrain awareness ?
The following recommendations and guidelines should be used to develop company strategies and actions enhancing terrain awareness:
Approach charts
Providing flight crews with departure and approach charts featuring terrain with color-shaded contours.
Altimeter-setting procedures
See 3.1 – Altimeter setting – Use of radio Altimeter.
Flight progress monitoring
The following best practices need to be emphasized:
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Monitoring and cross-checking FMS guidance and navigation accuracy;

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Monitoring instruments and navaids raw data;

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Using all available information available (cockpit displays, navaids raw data and charts); and,
　
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