.
Requesting confirmation or clarification from ATC if any doubt exists about terrain clearance, particularly when under radar vectors.
Approach and go-around briefings
Approach and go-around briefings should include
terrain-awareness-critical items.
See 1.6 – Approach and Go-around Briefings.
Preparedness and commitment for go-around
Go-around is not a frequent occurrence; SOPs should stress the importance of being:
.
Committed for an immediate response to (E)GPWS / TAWS warnings.
.
Prepared and minded for a go-around, when warranted.
See 6.1 – Being Prepared for Go-around.
Briefing Notes Summary
Page 7
Crew coordination, cross-check and backup
The following elements of an effective cross-check and back up should be promoted to enhance terrain awareness:
.
Altitude calls;
.
Excessive-parameter-deviation callouts;
.
Task sharing and standard calls for acquisition of visual references; and,
.
Concept of pilot monitoring to define the role of the pilot-not-flying (PNF) in hazards conditions.
Awareness of other approach hazards
See 5.1 – Approach Hazards Awareness – General and 5.3 – Visual Illusions Awareness.
5.3 - Visual Illusions Awareness
Visual illusions take place when conditions modify the pilot’s perception of the environment relative to his/her expectations.
Visual illusions may result in landing short, hard landing or runway overrun, but may also result in spatial disorientation and loss of control.
The following key points need to be emphasized:
.
Awareness of weather factors;
.
Awareness of surrounding terrain and obstacles;
.
Awareness and assessment of approach hazards (i.e., conditions that may cause visual illusions, such as “black hole”);
.
Adherence to defined PF/PNF task sharing for acquisition of visual references and for flying the visual segment, this includes:
. monitoring by PF of outside visual cues while transiently referring to instruments to support and monitor the flight path during the visual segment; and,
. monitoring by PNF of headdown cues for effective cross-check and backup (e.g., for calling any excessive-parameter-deviation).
5.4 - Windshear Awareness
Flight crew awareness and alertness are key factors in the successful application of wind shear avoidance and recovery techniques.
The following recommendations can be used for the development of company initiatives enhancing wind shear awareness.
Avoidance, Recognition and Recovery / Escape are the main domains involved in effective wind shear awareness:
. Avoidance:
. Assessing conditions for a safe takeoff or approach-and-landing, based on all available meteorological data, visual observations and on-board equipment;
. Delaying takeoff or approach, or diverting to a more suitable airport; and,
. Being prepared and committed for an immediate response to a predictive or reactive wind shear warning.
. Recognition:
. Being alert to recognize potential or existing wind shear conditions, based on all available weather data, on-board equipment and monitoring of aircraft flight parameters and flight path; and,
. Enhancing instrument scan, whenever potential wind shear is suspected.
. Recovery / Escape:
. Avoiding large thrust variations or trim changes in response to sudden airspeed variations;
. Following FD wind shear recovery and escape guidance or applying the recommended FCOM (AOM) recovery and escape procedure; and,
. Making maximum use of aircraft equipment (e.g., flight path vector, as available).
中国航空网 www.aero.cn
航空翻译 www.aviation.cn
本文链接地址：Getting to Grips with Approach-and-Landing Accidents Reducti(9)
