Getting to Grips with Approach-and-Landing Accidents Reducti(48)

曝光台 注意防骗 网曝天猫店富美金盛家居专营店坑蒙拐骗欺诈消费者

To ensure effective compliance with published normal checklists, it is important to understand why pilots sometimes omit partially or completely a normal checklist.
Pilots rarely omit the performance of a normal checklist intentionally; such a deviation from SOPs often is the result of operational circumstances that disrupt the normal flow of cockpit duties.
The following factors and conditions often are cited in discussing the complete or partial non-performance of a normal checklist:
.  
Out-of-phase time scale, whenever a factor (such as tail wind or a system malfunction) modifies the timescale of the approach or the occurrence of the trigger-event for the initiation of the normal checklist;

.  
Distractions (e.g., due to intra-cockpit activities);

.  
Interruptions (e.g., due to pilot / controller communications);

.  
Task saturation (i.e., inadequate multi-tasking ability or task overload);

.  
Incorrect management of priorities (i.e., absence of decision-making model for time-critical situations);

.  
Reduced attent ion (tunnel vision) in abnormal or high-workload conditions;

.  
Incorrect CRM techniques (absence of effective cross-check, crew coordination and/or backup);

.  
Overreliance on memory (overconfidence);

Use of Normal Checklists
Page 2

AIRBUS INDUSTRIE Getting to Grips with
 Flight Operations Support Approach-and-Landing Accidents Reduction

.  
Less-than-optimum checklist content and/or task sharing and/or format; and,

.  
Insufficient emphasis on strict adherence to normal checklists during transition training and recurrent training.

Summary of Key Points
Initiation and completing normal checklists in a timely manner is the most effective means of preventing the omission of actions or preventing inappropriate actions.
Explicit calls should be defined in the SOPs for the interruption (hold) and resumption (continuation) of a normal checklist (i.e., in case of interruption or distraction).
Disciplined use of normal checklists should be:
.  
Highlighted at all stages of initial, transition and line training; and,

.  
Enforced at the opportunity of all checks and audits performed during line operation.

Associated Briefing Notes
The following Briefing Notes may be reviewed in association with the above information to complete the overview of standard operating procedures:
.
1.1 - Operating Philosophy - SOPs,

.
1.3 - Operational Golden Rules,

.
1.4 - Standard Calls,

.  
2.4 - Intra-cockpit Communications –       Managing Interruptions and Distractions.

 

Regulatory references
.  
ICAO – Annex 6 – Operation of Aircraft, Part I – International Commercial Air Transport – Aeroplanes, 4.2.5, 6.1.3 and Appendix 2, 5.10.

.  
ICAO – Procedures for Air navigation Services – Aircraft operations (PANS-OPS, Doc 8168), Volume I – Flight Procedures (Post Amendment No 11, applicable Nov.1/2001).

.  
ICAO – Preparation of an Operations Manual (Doc 9376).

.  
ICAO – Human Factors Training Manual (Doc 9683).

.  
FAR 121.315 – Instrument and Equipment Requirement -Cockpit Check Procedure (for normal and non-normal conditions).

.  
JAR-OPS 1.1045 and associated Appendix 1 – Operations Manuals – Structure and Contents.

Use of Normal Checklists
Page 3

AIRBUS INDUSTRIE Getting to Grips with
 Flight Operations Support Approach-and-Landing Accidents Reduction

Introduction
To ensure mutual understanding and effective cooperation among crewmembers and with ATC, in-depth approach and go-around briefings should be conducted on each flight.
　
中国航空网 www.aero.cn
航空翻译 www.aviation.cn
本文链接地址：Getting to Grips with Approach-and-Landing Accidents Reducti(48)