Getting to Grips with Approach-and-Landing Accidents Reducti(12)

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Final approach speed and ground speed, to maintain the aircraft energy level.

7.2 - Flying Constant-Angle non-Precision Approaches
Almost 60 % of CFIT incidents and accidents occur during step-down non-precision approaches.
The constant-angle non-precision approach technique (or CANPA) should be implemented and trained worldwide for preventing CFIT and other approach-and-landing accidents.
The following aspects need to be stressed:
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Criteria for determining the type of guidance to be used;

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FMS preparation, as applicable;

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Completeness of approach briefing;

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Planning of aircraft configuration setup;

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Descent monitoring;

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Energy management during initial approach, intermediate approach and final approach;

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Not descending below an altitude before reaching the associated fix;

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Determining the correct flight path angle and vertical speed for the final descent segment;

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Commencing the descent at the exact point;

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Maintaining the correct flight path angle (or vertical speed) during the final descent (including the visual segment);

                                                                                       Getting to Grips with                                            Approach-and-Landing Accidents Reduction
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Acquisition of visual references and decision;

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Not descending below the MDA(H) before reaching the visual descent/decision point (VDP); and,

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Preparedness for go-around.

7.3 - Acquisition of Visual References
The transition from instrument references to visual references is an important element of any type of instrument approach.
Variations exist in airline operating philosophies about PF-PNF task sharing for:
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Acquisition of visual references;

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Conduct of landing; and,

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Conduct of go-around.

Task sharing for the acquisition of visual references depends on:

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The type of approach (i.e., on the time available for the acquisition of visual references); and,

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The use of automation (i.e., on the level of automation and redundancy).

The Airbus Industrie operating philosophy and training philosophy promote a PF-PNF task sharing, with acquisition of visual references by:

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PNF, for non-precision approaches and CAT I ILS approaches; and,

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PF, for CAT II / CAT III ILS approaches.

For CAT II / CAT III operations, the CAPT usually is the PF and only an automatic approach and landing is considered.
7.4 - Flying Visual Approaches
Accepting an ATC request for a visual approach or requesting a visual approach should be carefully balanced against the following decision criteria:
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Ceiling and visibility conditions;

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Darkness;

Briefing Notes Summary
Page 11

AIRBUS INDUSTRIE
    Flight Operations Support
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Weather: . wind, turbulence; . rain showers; and/or, . fog or smoke patches;
　
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