.
Monitoring instruments and navaids raw data;
.
Using all available information available (i.e., cockpit displays, navaids raw data and charts); and,
.
Requesting confirmation or clarification from ATC if any doubt exists about terrain clearance, particularly when being radar vectored.
Terrain Awareness – When and How ?
Page 9
Approach and go-around briefing
The following terrain awareness critical items should be included in the approach and go-around briefing:
.
Minimum safety altitudes;
.
Terrain and man-made obstacles features;
.
Applicable approach minimums (visibility or RVR, ceiling as applicable);
.
Applicable stabilization height (approach gate);
.
Final approach descent flight path angle (and vertical speed); and,
.
Go-around altitude and missed-approach initial steps.
Preparedness and commitment for go-around
The following should be stressed:
.
Being committed for an immediate response to any GPWS / TAWS warning (particularly at night or in IMC); and,
.
Being prepared and minded to go-around.
Pilot / controller communications
An awareness and training program to improve pilot / controller communications should be developed based on the contents of Briefing Note
2.3 – Effective Pilot/Controller Communications.
Crew coordination, cross-check and back-up
The following terrain-awareness elements of an effective cross-check and back-up should be emphasized:
.
Assertive challenging by PNF (i.e., maintaining situational awareness and voicing any concern about the safe progress of the flight);
.
Standard calls ( particularly, altitude calls);
.
Excessive-parameter-deviation callouts; and,
.
Task sharing and standard calls for the acquisition of visual references.
The role and tasks of the PNF should be emphasized by highlighting is role as pilot monitoring.
Awareness of other approach hazards
Pilots should receive education and training on visual illusions and spatial disorientation.
Associated Briefing Notes
The following Briefing Notes provide expanded information on subjects and matters related to terrain awareness:
.
1.1 - Standard Operating Procedures.
.
1.2 – Optimum Use of Automation.
.
1.3 - Operations Golden Rules.
.
1.4 – Standard Calls.
.
1.5 – Use of Normal Checklists.
.
1.6 – Approach and Go-around Briefing.
.
2.3 – Effective Crew / ATC Communications.
.
2.4 – Intra-Cockpit Communications – Managing interruptions and Distractions.
.
3.2 – Altitude deviations.
.
6.1 – Being Prepared for Go-around.
.
6.3 – Terrain-Avoidance ( GPWS Pullup ) Maneuver
Regulatory References
The following regulatory references are provided to assist the reader in a quick and easy reference to the related regulatory material:
.
ICAO - PANS-OPS - Volume I - Part VI – Altimeter setting procedures - Chapter 3 – Low OAT operation - Altitude corrections.
.
FAR 91.3 – Responsibility and authority of the pilot in command.
Terrain Awareness – When and How ?
Page 10
AIRBUS INDUSTRIE
Flight Operations Support
.
FAR 91.119 – Minimum safe altitudes: General.
中国航空网 www.aero.cn
航空翻译 www.aviation.cn
本文链接地址：Getting to Grips with Approach-and-Landing Accidents Reducti(100)
