Getting to Grips with Approach-and-Landing Accidents Reducti(173)

曝光台 注意防骗 网曝天猫店富美金盛家居专营店坑蒙拐骗欺诈消费者

Selecting reverse idle cancels the effects of reverse thrust (i.e., the side force and rudder airflow disruption) and, thus, further assists in regaining directional control.
After directional control has been recovered and the runway centerline has been regained:
.  
Pedal braking can be applied (autobrake was previously disarmed when taking over) in a symmetrical or differential manner, as required; and,

.  
Reverse thrust can be reselected.

Optimum Braking
Refer to Briefing Note 8.4 – Optimum Use of Braking Devices.
Factors Involved in Crosswind-Landing Incidents and Accidents
The following factors often are involved in crosswind-landing incidents and accidents:
.  
Reluctance to recognize changes in landing data over time (i.e., wind direction shift, wind velocity or gust increase);

.  
Failure to seek additional evidence to confirm the initial information and initial options (i.e., reluctance to change pre-established plans);

.  
Reluctance to divert to an airport with less crosswind conditions;

.  
Lack of time to observe, evaluate and control the aircraft attitude and flight path in a highly dynamic situation;

Crosswind Landings
Page 8

AIRBUS INDUSTRIE Getting to Grips with
 Flight Operations Support Approach-and-Landing Accidents Reduction

.  
Difficulties with pitching effect of under-wing-mounted engines in gusty conditions (i.e., head-on gust effect on indicated airspeed and pitch attitude); and,

.  
Ineffective differential braking due to the partial release of the brake pedal (i.e., if the brake pedal is only partially released, the braking demand may still exceed the anti-skid regulated pressure and, thus, still produce a symmetrical braking action).

Summary of Key Points
Adherence to the following key points increases safety during crosswind-landing operations:
.  
Understand all applicable operating factors, maximum recommended values and limitations;

.  
Use recommended and published flying techniques associated with crosswind landing;

Note :
A wings-level touchdown (i.e., without any
decrab) may be safer than a steady-sideslip
touchdown with an excessive bank angle;

.  
Request the assignment of a more favorable runway, if prevailing runway conditions and crosswind component are considered inadequate for a safe landing;

.  
Adapt the autopilot disconnect altitude to prevailing conditions in order to have time to establish manual control and trim the aircraft (conventional aircraft models) before the align / decrab phase and flare;

.  
Be alert to detect changes in ATIS and tower messages (i.e., wind direction shift, velocity and/or gust increase); and,

.  
Beware of small-scale local effects associated with strong winds:

- Updrafts and downdrafts;
- Vortices created by buildings, forests or terrain.

Associated Briefing Notes
The following Briefing Notes complement the above information and provide a comprehensive overview of landing techniques:
8.1 – Preventing Runway Excursions and Overruns,
8.2 – The Final Approach Speed,
8.3 – Factors Affecting Landing Distances,
8.4 – Optimum Use of Braking Devices,
8.5 – Landing on Wet and Contaminated Runway,
8.6 – What’s Your Current Wind ?
Regulatory References
.  
ICAO – Preparation of an Operations Manual (Doc 9376).

.  
JAR-OPS 1.1045 and associated Appendix 1, 2.1.(n) – Operations manual – structure and contents.

 

Crosswind Landings
Page 9

 

 
　
中国航空网 www.aero.cn
航空翻译 www.aviation.cn
本文链接地址：Getting to Grips with Approach-and-Landing Accidents Reducti(173)