3 - Altimeter and Altitude Issues
3.1 - Altimeter Setting Use of Radio Altimeter
Altimeter-setting errors result in a lack of vertical situational awareness; the following should be emphasized to minimize altimeter-setting errors and to optimize the use of barometric-altimeter bug and radio-altimeter DH:
.
Awareness of altimeter setting changes with prevailing weather conditions (extreme cold or warm fronts, steep frontal surfaces, semi-permanent or seasonal low pressure areas);
.
Awareness of the altimeter-setting unit in use at the destination airport;
.
Awareness of the anticipated altimeter setting, using two independent sources for cross-check (e.g., METAR and ATIS messages);
.
Effective PF/PNF cross-check and backup;
.
Adherence to SOPs for:
. reset of barometric-altimeters in climb and descent;
. use of standby-altimeter to cross-check main altimeters;
. altitude callouts;
. radio-altimeter callouts; and,
. setting of barometric-altimeter bug and radio-altimeter DH.
3.2 - Altitude deviations
Altitude deviations may result in substantial loss of vertical separation and/or horizontal separation, which could cause a midair collision or CFIT.
An altitude awareness program should encourage the blame-free reporting of altitude deviation events to contribute to a better understanding of causal factors and circumstantial factors involved in altitude deviations.
Briefing Notes Summary
Page 5
AIRBUS INDUSTRIE
Flight Operations Support
The following safeguards should be emphasized:
.
Adherence to the pilot / controller communication loop, i.e. readback / hearback process;
.
Crew cross-check and backup to ensure that the altitude selected (i.e., on the FCU) is the assigned altitude (i.e., received from ATC);
.
Cross-checking that the assigned altitude is above the sector minimum safe altitude (unless crew is aware of the applicable minimum vectoring altitude for the sector);
.
Monitoring instruments and automation when reaching the assigned altitude or FL; and,
.
In VMC, applying the technique one head inside / one head out when approaching the cleared altitude or FL.
Altitude deviations should be prevented by strict adherence to adequate SOPs for:
.
Setting the altimeter-reference on barometric altimeters;
.
Selecting the assigned / cleared altitude or FL on FCU; and,
.
Altitude callouts.
4 - Descent and Approach Management
4.1 - Descent and Approach Profile Management
Inadequate management of descent-and-approach profile and/or incorrect management of aircraft energy level during approach may result in:
.
Loss of vertical situational awareness; and/or,
.
Rushed and unstabilized approaches.
Either situation increases the risk of approach-and-landing accidents, including those involving a CFIT.
Getting to Grips with Approach-and-Landing Accidents Reduction
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