.
Absence of response to the altitude alert aural and visual warnings, when in hand flying; or,
.
Incorrect go-around procedure and maneuver.
Altitude Awareness Program
The development and implementation of altitude awareness programs by several airlines have reduced significantly the number of altitude deviations.
To address the main causes of altitude deviations, an altitude awareness program should include the following aspects.
General:
An altitude awareness program should enhance the monitoring role of the PF and PNF by stressing the importance of:
.
Stating (verbalizing) intentions and actions, when they are different from expectations (e.g., delayed climb or descent, management of altitude or speed restrictions); and,
.
Backing up each other.
Communications:
Breakdown in the pilot/controller communication loop includes:
.
Readback / hearback errors ( this risk is greater when one crewmember does not monitor radio communications because of other duties such as listening to the ATIS or being involved in company communications or passenger-address announcements );
.
Blocked transmissions; or,
.
Confusion of call signs.
The following recommendations (discussed and expanded in Briefing Note 2.3 -Effective Pilot / Controller Communications) can enhance communications and raise the level of situational
awareness of pilots and controller:
. Be aware that readback / hearback errors involve may the pilot and the controller :
. The pilot may be interrupted or distracted when listening to a clearance, confuse similar callsigns, forget an element of the instruction or be subject to the bias of expectation when understanding or when reading back the instruction ( this bias usually is referred to as wishhearing );
. The controller may also confuse similar callsigns, be distracted by other radio or landline telephone communications or be affected by blocked transmissions or high workload.
Altitude Deviations
Page 2
AIRBUS INDUSTRIE Getting to Grips with
Flight Operations Support Approach-and-Landing Accidents Reduction
.
Use standard phraseology for clear and unambiguous pilot / controller and intra-cockpit communications.
Standard phraseology is the common basis for pilots and controllers; this common language allows an easier detection and correction of errors.
.
Use of an adapted phraseology to increase the controller situational awareness, e.g.:
. When leaving an altitude, announce:
Leaving […] for […]; or,
Leaving […] and climbing / descending to […];
The call leaving … should be performed only when a vertical speed of 500 ft/mn has been established and the altimeter positively shows the departure from the previous altitude or FL;
This recommendation takes a particular importance when descending in a holding pattern;
. Use of two separate methods for expressing certain altitudes – one one thousand feet, that is eleven thousand feet; and,
中国航空网 www.aero.cn
航空翻译 www.aviation.cn
本文链接地址：Getting to Grips with Approach-and-Landing Accidents Reducti(79)
