.
ICAO – Human Factors Training Manual (Doc 9683).
.
ICAO – Human Factors Digest No 5 – Operational Implications of Automation in Advanced Technology Flight Decks (Circular 234).
.
FAR 121-579 - Minimum altitudes for the use of the autopilot.
Getting to Grips with Approach-and-Landing Accidents Reduction
Optimum Use of Automation
Page 8
Introduction
Golden Rules have always guided human activities.
In early aviation days, the Golden Rules defined the basic principles of airmanship.
With the development of technology in modern aircraft and with research on man-machine-interface and crew-coordination, Golden Rules have been broadened to encompass the principles of interaction with automation and crew resources management (CRM).
The operations Golden Rules defined by Airbus Industrie assist trainees in maintaining their basic airmanship even as they progress to integrated and automated aircraft models.
These rules apply with little modification to all Airbus models.
Although developed for trainees, the Golden Rules are equally useful for experienced line pilots.
Golden Rules address aspects that are considered frequent causal factors in approach and landing accidents:
.
Inadequate situational / positional awareness;
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Incorrect interaction with automation;
.
Overreliance on automation; and,
.
Ineffective crew cross-check and mutual backup.
Statistical Data
The following factors frequently are identified as causal factor in approach-and-landing accidents:
% of Events
Inadequate decision making 74 %
Omission of action or inappropriate action 72 %
Inadequate CRM practice (crew coordination, cross-check and backup) 63 %
Insufficient horizontal or vertical situational awareness 52 %
Inadequate or insufficient understanding of prevailing conditions 48 %
Slow or delayed crew action 45 %
Flight handling difficulties 45 %
Incorrect or incomplete pilot/controller communication 33 %
Interaction with automation 20 %
Table 1
Most Frequent Causal Factors
in Approach-and-Landing Accidents
Operations Golden Rules
Page 1
AIRBUS INDUSTRIE
Flight Operations Support
General Golden Rules
The following eight Golden Rules are applicable in normal conditions and, more importantly, in any unanticipated or abnormal / emergency condition.
Automated aircraft can be flown like any other aircraft.
To promote this rule, each trainee should be given the opportunity to fly the aircraft just using the stick, rudder and throttles.
The use of flight director (FD), autopilot (AP), autothrottle/autothrust (A/THR) and flight management system (FMS) should be introduced progressively, as defined by the applicable training syllabus.
Practice of hand flying will illustrate that the pilot flying (PF) always retains the authority and capability to adopt:
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