Getting to Grips with Approach-and-Landing Accidents Reducti(94)

.  
Descent profile management;

.  
Energy management;

.  
Terrain awareness;

.  
Approach hazards awareness;

.  
Elements of a stabilized approach and approach gates;

.  
Readiness and commitment to respond to a GPWS / TAWS alert; and,

Terrain Awareness – When and How ?
Page 2

.  Use of radio altimeter:
The setting of the baro-altimeter bug and radio-altimeter DH should be in line with the applicable SOPs.
The following typical summary is based on the use of QNH for altimeter setting.
RA DH 
Visual  MDA/DA of instrument  200 ft 
approach  Note 1 
or 
200 ft AAL 
Non-ILS  MDA  200 ft Note 1 
ILS CAT I  DA  200 ft 
No RA  Note 1 
ILS CAT I RA  DA  RA DH 
ILS CAT II  Note 2 
ILS CAT III with DH  DA Note 2  RA DH 
ILS CAT III  TDZ altitude  
no DH 

                                       Table 1
          Setting of Baro Altimeter Bug and Radio Altimeter DH
Note 1 :
The RA DH can be set (e.g., at 200 ft), for terrain awareness purposes. In this case, the use of the radio altimeter should be discussed during the approach briefing.
For all approaches, except CAT I with RA, CAT II and CAT III ILS approaches, the approach MINIMUM callout will be based on the baro-altimeter bug set at the MDA(H) or the DA(H).
Note 2 :
CAT II DA or CAT I DA can be set in readiness for a reversion to CAT I minima.
Radio altimeter callouts can be either:
.  called (verbalized) by the PNF or the flight engineer; or,
.  automatically generated by a synthesized voice.
Callouts should be tailored to the airline operating policy and to the type of approach.
To enhance the flight crew’s terrain awareness, a callout Radio Altimeter Alive, should be announced by the first crewmember observing the radio altimeter activation at 2500 ft AGL.
The RA reading should be included in the instrument scan for the remainder of the approach.

Training
Altitude Awareness Program:
The implementation of an altitude awareness program by several airlines has reduced significantly the number of altitude deviations.
An altitude awareness program can be developed based on the contents of the Briefing Notes
3.1 Altimeter Setting – Use of Radio Altimeter and 3.2 – Altitude Deviations.
The altitude awareness program should emphasize the following aspects:
.  Awareness of altimeter setting errors, e.g.:
.  29.XX in.hg versus 28.XX or 30.XX in.hg; or,
.  29.XX in.hg versus 9XX hPa.

.  Awareness of altitude corrections for low OAT operations and awareness of pilot’s and/or controller’s responsibility in applying these corrections.

Terrain Awareness – When and How ?
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AIRBUS INDUSTRIE
    Flight Operations Support

Pilot / Controller Communications:
A company awareness and training program on pilot / controller communications should be developed and implemented, involving pilots and ATC
personnel ( refer to Briefing Note 3.1 – Effective Pilot / Controller Communications ).
Route Familiarization Program:
A training program should be implemented for departure, route, approach and airport familiarization, using:
.  
High-resolution paper material;

.  
Video program; and/or
　
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