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allowance for possible tracking errors of ± 9° from the last positive fix, the aircraft
will come within the rated coverage of a radio aid which can be used to fix the
position of the aircraft. The maximum time interval between positive fixes must not
exceed two (2) hours.
Note: self-contained or long range navigation systems may only be used as the sole
means of navigation if the system installed in the aircraft has been approved by
the CASA and the pilot in command operates the system in accordance with the
terms of this approval.
TRACK KEEPING
Tolerances are applied to tracks to assess containment area for the purposes of
ensuring navigational integrity, separation from other aircraft, terrain and obstacle
clearance and avoidance of specified airspace. Although allowing for the errors
inherent in the navigational systems used, these tolerances are based on the
assumption that the pilot will maintain track as closely as possible.
The pilot in command must, at all times, take positive action to regain track as soon as
a deviation from the correct track is recognised.
When using radio navigational aids as the primary means of navigation:
• the aircraft must be navigated by reference to the aid which provides the most
precise track guidance with which the aircraft is equipped and the pilot is qualified
to use; and
• only those aids which specifically define the relevant track must be used for track
keeping.
The order of precision is Localizer, VOR, then NDB/ Locator.
When track guidance is provided by radio navigation aids, but navigation is by an
approved self-contained navigation system or long range navigation system, the pilot
must maintain track as defined by the most accurate radio navigation aid available.
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OPERATIONS
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VFR
SECTION
NAVIGATION REQUIREMENTS
POSITION FIXING
A positive radio fix is one that is determined by the passage of the aircraft over:
• a NDB; or
• a VOR station; or
• a DME; or
• is one determined by the intersection of two or more position lines which intersect
with angles of not less than 45° and which are obtained from NDBs, VORs,
Localizers or DMEs in any combination.
For the purpose of this section, a position line must be within the rated coverage of
the aid with the exception that if a fix is determined entirely by position lines from
NDBs, the position lines must be within a range of 30NM from each of the NDBs.
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OPERATIONS
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NAVIGATION REQUIREMENTS
GENERAL
Pilots should take extra care when operating at an aerodrome where gliding operations
are in progress, Gliding operations are indicated by the “gliding operations in
progress” ground signal displayed next to the primary winch direction indicator.
Pilots should also establish whether the gliders are being launched by winch or
aerotow, or both.
Where aerotowing is in progress, pilots should remain well clear of gliders under tow.
If wire launching is used, pilots should establish the locations of either the winch or
tow car and the cable, and remain well clear. Over- flying the active runway below
2,000FT AGL is not advised, nor is landing without first ascertaining that the cable
if on the ground and not across the landing path. Aerotow and winch launching are
possible up to 4,000FT AGL, but launches to 1,500FT or 2,000FT AGL are normal.
Except for operations in controlled airspace, gliding operations may be conducted noradio,
or may be on frequencies 122.5MHZ, 122.7MHZ or 122.9MHZ, which have
been allocated for use by gliders. Unless otherwise authorised, gliding operations in
controlled airspace must be conducted using the appropriate air traffic control
frequency. Radio equipped gliders at non-controlled aerodromes will use the MBZ
frequency or CTAF. Whenever possible, when operating above 5,000FT AMSL outside
a MBZ or CTAF area, glider pilots are expected to listen out on the area VHF and
announce if in potential conflict.
GLIDING
OPERATIONS
IN PROGRESS
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AERIAL SPORTING AND
RECREATIONAL ACTIVITIES
OPERATIONS AT LICENSED AERODROMES
Gliding operations may be conducted from:
• a glider runway strip within the runway strip (single runway), using a common
circuit direction;
• a glider runway strip adjacent to the existing runway strip (dual runways), using a
common circuit direction; or
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VFR Flight Guide(95)
