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APPENDIX I - INSTRUMENTS REQUIRED FOR FLIGHT UNDER
VISUAL FLIGHT RULES (CAO 20.18)
The flight and navigational instruments required for flights under the Visual Flight
Rules are:
• an airspeed indicating system;
• an altimeter, with a readily adjustable pressure datum setting scale graduated in
millibars;
• a direct reading magnetic compass; or
- a remote indicating compass and a standby direct reading magnetic compass; and
• an accurate timepiece indicating the time in hours, minutes and seconds.
This may be carried on the person of the pilot or navigator.
In addition to the instruments required under paragraph 1, aircraft, other than
78
Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia
GENERAL
09/2001
1
AIRCRAFT EQUIPMENT
SECTION
RULES OF THE AIR
helicopters, engaged in charter or aerial work operations and operating under the
Visual Flight Rules, shall be equipped with:
• a turn and slip indicator; (agricultural aeroplanes may be equipped with a slip
indicator only) and
• an outside air temperature indicator when operating from an aerodrome at which
ambient air temperature is not available from ground-based instruments.
NAVIGATION OF AIRCRAFT ON VFR FLIGHT (CAR 174D)
1. CASA may issue instructions in relation to V.F.R. flights specifying:
A. the method by which an aircraft is to be navigated; or
B. how a positive position fix for an aircraft is to be obtained; or
C. how often a positive position fix is to be obtained.
2. Subject to paragraph (3), an aircraft must not be flown under the V.F.R. unless it is
equipped:
A. for navigation; and
B. to obtain positive position fixes;
in accordance with instructions issued under paragraph (1)
3. CASA may give permission, subject to the conditions specified in the permission,
for an aircraft to be flown under the V.F.R if the aircraft is not equipped as required
under paragraph (2).
FLIGHTS UNDER THE VFR - AIP ENR 1.1-25 (para 17.2)
The following apply in respect of flight under the VFR:
A. The pilot in command must navigate the aircraft by visual reference to the ground
or water, or by using any of the methods specified in ENR 1.12-25 para 17.1.1
(IFR), except that when operating at or below 2,000FT above the ground or water,
the pilot in command must be able to navigate by visual reference to the ground or
water.
B. When navigating by visual reference to the ground or water, the pilot in command
must positively fix the aircraft’s position by visual reference to features shown on
topographical charts at intervals not exceeding 30 minutes. When flying over the
sea, visual reference features may include rocks and reefs and fixed man-made
objects which are marked on suitable charts and are readily identifiable from the air.
Note: Flight above more than 4/8 of cloud, or over featureless land areas,
or over the sea, may preclude visual position fixing at the required
intervals and may therefore make visual navigation impracticable.
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Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia
GENERAL
09/2001
1
VFR NAVIGATION
SECTION
RULES OF THE AIR
C. When navigating by visual reference in controlled airspace the pilot must notify
ATC if the aircraft’s track diverges by more than one (1) nautical mile from the track
approved by ATC, or, if navigating by reference to radio navigation aids, by more
than the tolerances given in AIP ENR 1.1-28 para17.4.7.
D. VFR flight on top of more than 4/8 cloud is available provided that:
• VMC can be maintained during the entire flight, including climb,
cruise and descent.
• For VFR flight on top, the visual position fixing requirements of section (B) or the
other navigational requirements of AIP ENR 1.1-25 para 17.1 must be met
• Prior to conducting a VFR flight on top of more than 4/8 cloud, the pilot in
command must ensure that current forecasts and observations (including those
available in flight observations) indicate that conditions in the area of, and during
the period of, the planned descent below the cloud layer will permit the descent to
be conducted in VMC.
• The position at which descent below cloud is planned to occur must be such as to
enable continuation of the flight to the destination and, if required, an alternate
aerodrome in VMC (see Notes 1 and 3 - below).
• When navigating by reference to radio navigation systems, the pilot in command
must obtain positive radio fixes at the intervals and by the methods prescribed in AIP
ENR paras 17.1 and 17.4.6.
• The pilot in command of a VFR flight wishing to navigate by means of radio
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VFR Flight Guide(58)
