曝光台 注意防骗
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Aerodrome/Approach Control when combined.
• APPROACH: used by Approach Control (APP) service when established on a discrete
frequency or by Departure Control (DEP) when on the same frequency.
• DEPARTURES: used by Departure Control (DEP) service when established on a
discrete frequency.
• CENTRE: used for Area Control (ACC) service.
238
Traffic Information in Controlled Airspace.
In controlled airspace (excluding GAAP CTRs) when a separation standard does not
exist, ATC will provide traffic information to the aircraft concerned when, in the
opinion of the Air Traffic Controller, the information is warranted by the proximity
of the aircraft.
The traffic information provided will contain as much information as is known and is
necessary to assist the pilot in identifying the other aircraft; eg
• type;
• altitude
• position, either by clock reference, bearing and distance, relation to a geographical
point or reported position and estimate
• intentions or direction of flight.
ATC will provide relevant traffic information to aerodrome traffic to enable pilots, while
complying with ATC instructions, to maintain separation from other aircraft.
Aircraft Off-Track in Controlled Airspace - Advice to ATC
In controlled airspace, separation standards are based on the pilot maintaining track
as closely as possible at all times.
Corrective action must be taken to regain track as soon as any deviation is observed.
Additionally, the pilot must immediately notify ATC if the aircraft is found to be offtrack
by any of the deviations described below:
• where track guidance is provided by a localizer or VOR - half scale deflection or
more of the Course Deviation Indicator (CDI)
• where track guidance is provided by NDB or Locator - ±50 or more from the specified
bearing;
• where the track guidance is provided by DME - ± 2NM or more from the required
arc;
• where the track guidance is provided by an RNAV system - an indicated cross-track
deviation of ±2NM or more;
• and when navigating by visual reference to the ground or water - more than 1NM
from the cleared track.
The values given above must not be interpreted as defining a sector
within which the pilot is permitted to navigate.
DIVERSION FROM TRACK
In controlled airspace, any diversion from track requires prior clearance from ATC,
except in an emergency. The values given in previous paragraphs must not be
interpreted as tolerances within which diversions from track without clearance are
permitted.
239
Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia
OPERATIONS
09/2001
3
SEPARATION
SECTION
CONTROLLED AIRSPACE
DIVERSIONS DUE TO WEATHER
In controlled airspace, any diversion from track due to weather requires prior clearance
from ATC. If out of radio contact and unable to obtain a clearance, and the pilot in
command considers that the diversion is necessary, a PAN call specifying the details of
the diversion must be broadcast on the appropriate frequencies.
PAN PAN, PAN PAN, PAN PAN, ZULU FOXTROT ROMEO, 15NM SOUTH OF
NORMANTON, 8500, IS DESCENDING IMMEDIATELY TO 500FT TO AVOID CLOUD
AVOIDING CONTROLLED AIRSPACE
The pilot in command of an aircraft operating in Class G airspace, or to the VFR in
Class E airspace, must apply appropriate tolerance to the flight path to ensure that
controlled airspace, or restricted areas, are not infringed.
In calculating whether an intended flight path may infringe controlled airspace,
the following navigational tolerances must be applied to the intended flight
path depending on the method of navigation used. These tolerances may be rounded
up to the nearest half degree for practical purposes.
NDB ± 6.90
VOR/TACAN ± 5.20
DR ±120
For DR tracking ±90 may be used where initial track guidance has been provided by
NDB, VOR or TACAN and there is no subsequent change in track.
RNAV ± 14NM
VISUAL (POWERED AIRCRAFT)
0-2,000 AGL ± 1NM (±2NM by night)
2,001-5,000 AGL ± 2NM (±3NM by night)
5001-10,000 AGL ± 4NM (±5NM by night)
VISUAL (GLIDERS)
0-10,000 ± 5NM
VISUAL (ALL AIRCRAFT)
10,001-FL200 ± 8NM
FL205-FL300 ± 12NM
FL305-FL400 ± 16NM
240
Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia
OPERATIONS
09/2001
3
GENERAL
SECTION
CONTROLLED AIRSPACE
CHANGE OF LEVELS
CONTROLLED AIRSPACE
In controlled airspace, the pilot in command must commence a change of level as soon as possible,
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