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• Check fuel availability enroute (note suppliers and operating hours)
• Plan to arrive with all fuel reserves intact - never plan to use fixed or variable reserve
fuel
• Weight versus fuel. Keep in mind that you may not be able to carry full tanks
• Check weather to determine holding and/or alternate fuel requirements
PREFLIGHT INSPECTION
• Try to refuel on level ground to avoid inaccurate fuel measurements and unwanted
fuel transfer.
• Dip each tank to check the amount of fuel. If a tank cannot be dipped, fill at least
one tank (weight permitting) so there is a known fuel quantity.
• Cross-check fuel amounts by at least two separate methods. Use the lowest figure if
they vary by more than 3% (mandatory for aircraft with MTOW in excess of 5700kg)
• Ensure drains and vents are working properly
• If using Avgas, rock the aircraft to move trapped water over the drain point before
carrying out a fuel drain (refer aircraft manufacturer’s recommendations)
• Check for contaminants, particularly water; and correct fuel type
• Ensure the fuel filler cap is secure and sealed
IN FLIGHT
• At regular intervals (at least 30 minutes and at turning points) compare fuel
remaining from gauges with planned figures and monitor tank selection.
Caution: Gauge readings as per aircraft’s fuel calibration card
• Use planned power settings and correct mixture leaning technique (at all altitudes)
POST FLIGHT
• Compare usage figures with planned figures when next refuelling
FUEL RESERVE RECOMMENDATION
PISTON Private VFR not mandatory 45 minutes
Charter VFR 15% 45 minutes
TURBINE PVT & AWK VFR NIL 30 minutes
CHTR VFR 10% 30 minutes
TYPE CATEGORY FLIGHT VARIABLE RESERVE FIXED RESERVE
103
Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia
PRE-FLIGHT PLANNING PREPARATION
09/2001
2
FUEL PLANNING
SECTION
104
Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia
PRE-FLIGHT PLANNING PREPARATION
09/2001
2
FUEL PLANNING
SECTION
TIME
Australia uses Coordinated Universal Time (UTC) for all operations.
The term “Zulu” is used when ATC procedures require a reference to UTC,
eg: 0920 UTC “ZERO NINE TWO ZERO ZULU”
0115 UTC “ZERO ONE ONE FIVE ZULU”
To convert from Standard Time to Coordinated Universal Time:
Eastern Standard Time Subtract 10 hours
Central Standard Time Subtract 9.5 hours
Western Standard Time Subtract 8 hours.
Note: Daylight Saving is not applied universally across Australia and is not published in
the AIP.
The 24-hour clock system is used in radiotelephone transmissions. The hour is indicated
by the first two figures and the minutes by the last two figures,
eg: 0001 “ZERO ZERO ZERO ONE”
1920“ONE NINE TWO ZERO”
Time may be stated in minutes only (two figures) in radiotelephone communications
when no misunderstanding is likely to occur. Current time in use at a station is stated
to the nearest minute in order that pilots may use this information for time checks.
Control towers will state time to the nearest half minute when issuing a taxi clearance
to a departing aircraft, eg:
0925:10 “TIME, TWO FIVE”
0932:20 “TIME, THREE TWO AND A HALF”
2145:50 “TIME, FOUR SIX”
105
Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia
PRE-FLIGHT PLANNING PREPARATION
09/2001
2
TIME
SECTION
Date and time in civil aviation operations is indicated by a date-time group,
which is a combination of the date and time in a single 6-figure group, or
when used in the text of NOTAM and in pre-flight information bulletins,
in a 8-figure group, made up as follows -
1st two - month, 2nd two - date, last 4 - hour and minutes
Time used in these operations is Coordinated Universal Time (UTC), the day
beginning at 0000hrs and ending at 2400hrs.
Examples: Date-time group for 1630 UTC on 25 March, = 251630 March,
or 03251630
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VFR Flight Guide(114)
