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navigation systems or any other means must indicate in the flight notification only
those radio navigation aids with which the aircraft is equipped and the pilot is
qualified to use (see Note 2)
• VFR aeroplanes operating above FL200 must be equipped with an altimeter
calibrated to IFR standards.
Note 1: A pilot must not undertake a VFR flight on top of more than 4/8 cloud unless
the aircraft is equipped with serviceable flight and navigation instruments as
specified in CAO 20.18 Appendix IV (IFR and Night VFR).
Note 2: “Qualified” means the holder of an instrument rating or NVFR rating which
is endorsed for the particular navigation aid or any private or higher category
pilot who has received in-flight instruction from a qualified instructor in the
use of the radio navigation aid as the sole means of navigation, and who is
competent to navigate by use of the aid.
Note 3: Pilots are warned against initiating VFR-on-top when weather conditions are
marginal. Before committing their flight to operating VFR-on-top they should
be confident that meteorological information used is reliable and current, and
clearly indicates that the entire flight will be able to be conducted in VMC.
80
Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia
GENERAL
09/2001
1
VFR NAVIGATION
SECTION
RULES OF THE AIR
TIME
During flight pilots must maintain a time reference accurate to within +/- 30 seconds.
TRACK KEEPING (ENR 1.1-30)
Tolerances are applied to tracks to assess containment areas for the purposes of
ensuring navigational integrity, separation from other aircraft, terrain and obstacle
clearance and avoidance of specified airspace. Although allowing for the errors
inherent in the navigation systems used, these tolerances are based on the assumption
that the pilot will maintain track as closely as possible.
The pilot in command must, at all times, take positive action to regain track as soon as
a deviation from the correct track is recognised.
OPERATING NEAR OTHER AIRCRAFT (CAR 163)
• An aircraft must not be flown so close to another aircraft as to create a collision
hazard.
• An aircraft must not be operated on the ground in such a manner as to create
hazard to itself or to another aircraft.
FORMATION FLYING (CAR 163AA)
1. Aircraft must not be flown in formation unless:
A. each of the pilots in command is qualified to fly in formation; and
B. the formation is pre-arranged between the pilots in command; and
C. the formation flight is conducted either:
• under the Visual Flight Rules by day; or
• under an approval given by CASA.
2. Unless otherwise approved by CASA, a pilot in command is qualified for the
purposes of paragraph (1) (A) only if:
A. the pilot has been certified by the holder of a flight instructor rating as
being competent to fly in formation, being a rating that is appropriate to
the category of aircraft to be flown in the formation; and
B.the certification is entered in the pilot’s log book.
3. For the purposes of this regulation, two or more aircraft are flown in formation if:
A. they are flown in close proximity to each other; and
B. they operate as a single aircraft with regard to navigation, position
reporting and control.
4. In determining whether aircraft are in close proximity to each other, regard is to
be had to the type of aircraft in the formation and the speed of those aircraft.
81
Civil Aviation Safety Authority Australia
GENERAL
09/2001
1
TIME
SECTION
RULES OF THE AIR
• In spite of subregulation (3), aircraft are to be taken to be in formation:
A. during any period when they are manoeuvring to achieve separation from
each other in order to effect individual control; and
B. during join-up and breakaway.
OPERATIONS ON AND IN THE VICINITY OF AERODROMES
RESPONSIBILITY FOR COMPLIANCE WITH RULES OF THIS DIVISION
(CAR 164)
When operating an aircraft on or in the vicinity of an aerodrome the pilot in command
shall be responsible for compliance by the aircraft with the rules contained in this
Division.
OPERATION ON AND IN THE VICINITY OF AN AERODROME (CAR 166)
• The pilot in command of an aircraft which is being operated on or in the vicinity of
an aerodrome shall:
A. observe other aerodrome traffic for the purpose of avoiding collision;
B. conform with or avoid the pattern of traffic formed by other aircraft in
operation;
C. when approaching an aerodrome, other than a controlled aerodrome,
for the purpose of landing, join the pattern of traffic in use for the
landing direction in the up-wind, cross-wind or down-wind leg, as the
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VFR Flight Guide(59)
