Canadian Private
Pilot Studies
Phil Croucher
About the Author
Phil Croucher holds Canadian, JAR, UK and US licences for aeroplanes and
helicopters and around 7200 hours on 35 types of aircraft, with a considerable
operational background and training experience from the computer industry, in
which he is equally well qualified. He has at various times been a Chief Pilot, Ops
Manager, Training Captain and Type Rating Examiner for several companies. He
can be contacted at www.electrocution.com
Legal Bit (Small Print)
This book is sold as is without warranty of any kind, either express or implied,
including but not limited to the implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a
particular purpose. Neither the Author, the Publisher nor their dealers or distributors
assume liability for any alleged or actual damages arising from its use. In other words:
This book contains interpretations of official documentation, which changes, so there
could be technical inaccuracies. As a result, alterations will be made without reference to
anyone, and it's not guaranteed to suit your purposes. The author or publisher, and their
distributors or dealers are not responsible for situations arising from its use.
Copyrights, etc.
This book copyright © 2003 PHIL CROUCHER ISBN 0-9732253-0-0
Notice is hereby given that the name PHILIP ANDREW CROUCHER, in capital letters, or any
variation thereof, is claimed by Phil Croucher, which name may not be used without permission.
Graphics copyright © Steve Sparrow, Transport Canada, Nav Canada,
Phil Croucher (with help from Corel Corporation).
Permission to reproduce Canadian aeronautical charts or portions thereof has
been granted by Geomatics Canada, Department of Natural Resources © 2002.
Charts in this publication are not to be used for navigation purposes
All rights reserved. Illegal copying is very, very, naughty! Up to two pages of
this publication may be used at any time for non-profit purposes, such as
training, where all in the class have a copy . Otherwise, no part of it may be
reproduced, stored in a retrieval system or transmitted by any means, electronic,
mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, or used in any other form
than originally supplied, without prior written permission from the author.
. Updates are available for reduced cost on proof of original purchase.
Table of Contents
INTRODUCTION 11
PRINCIPLES OF FLIGHT 3
Definitions 3
Airflow 4
The Aerofoil (or Airfoil) 5
Aeroplanes 7
Flight Controls 8
Manoeuvres 11
Stability 21
Longitudinal Stability 21
Lateral Stability 21
Directional Stability 22
Dutch Roll 22
Spiral Stability 22
Forces In Flight 22
Lift 22
Weight 23
Thrust 23
Drag 23
Maximum Range Speed 24
Maximum Endurance Speed 24
Load Factor 24
Propellers 25
Constant Speed Propeller 26
The Helicopter 27
Tail Rotor Drift 32
Tail Rotor Roll 32
Tail Rotor Failure 33
ii Canadian Private Pilot Studies
Loss of Tail Rotor Effectiveness 34
Rotor Systems 35
Autorotations 36
Ground Resonance 37
Dynamic Rollover 37
Ground Effect 38
Power 39
Blade Sailing 40
Some Questions 40
Some Answers 40
ENGINES & SYSTEMS 41
Reciprocating Engines 41
Turbines 51
Engine Instruments 55
Engine Handling 55
Lubrication 57
Fuel Supply 59
Hydraulics 59
Undercarriages 60
Transmissions 60
Pneumatics 61
Heating Systems 61
Fire Detection 61
Autopilots, etc 63
Vibrations 63
Aircraft Husbandry 64
INSTRUMENTS 65
Pitch 65
Bank 66
Power 66
Pitot-Static System 67
The Altimeter 67
Airspeed Indicator 69
Vertical Speed Indicator 70
Compass 71
E2B 72
Acceleration Errors 72
Turning Errors 72
The Compass Swing 73
Gyroscopes 73
Artificial Horizon 74
Heading Indicator (DGI) 75
Turn Coordinator 75
A Question 76
An Answer 76
Table of Contents iii
WEATHER 77
The Seasons 78
Pressure Patterns 78
Wind 80
Windshear 82
Wake Turbulence 84
The Altimeter 86
Temperature 88
Moisture 90
Stability 91
Clouds 92
Low (Strato) 93
Middle (Alto) 93
High (Cirro) 93
Other 93
Precipitation 94
Turbulence 95
Thunderstorms 95
Approaching the area 96
Within the Area 97
Air Traffic Control Considerations 97
Take-off and Landing 97
Icing 97
Air Masses 99
Frontology 100
The Warm Front 100
The Cold front 101
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